North Texas
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Goes back 2 weeks
1. Click on Location – select appropriate time zone (result shows time difference)
2. Click on Date – select the date in your time zone (click on the calendar icon if your browser has it)
3. Click on Hour – select hour (your local time that you want to look up)
4. Click Find Texas Time (results show the date and hour in Texas Time)
5. Click Search

Location

If you’re on Texas Time:
Use the dropdowns below – select the date, then the hour and click Search. Goes back two weeks.


Time	Title	Artist
12:00am	Charge	The Renegades
12:02am	Heart And Soul	Jan & Dean
12:04am	Une Fois	Camper Van Beethoven
12:05am	Cat Killer	Agression
12:08am	The Farm	Jefferson Airplane
12:11am	Surf Rider	The Lively Ones
12:14am	Milky Way	Syd Barrett
12:17am	Shake, Rattle & Roll	Big Joe Turner
12:20am	I Don't Know What You're Talking About	Hüsker Dü
12:22am	Where Was You At	War

🗃️ Link Dump*

How Do You Take a Picture of a Black Hole? - Quantamagazine (10/29/2026)

Sneaky e-telescopic camper triples into 8-person vacation cottage - New Atlas (10/26/2026)

Reddit will force everyone to log in | The Verge - Archive (10/29/2026)

Podcast: Flock CEO Says the Backlash Isn’t Real - 404 Media (10/29/2026)

Police Are Increasingly Pulling People Over Because AI Deems Their Driving Patterns “Suspicious” - ACLU (10/26/2026)

ReplayGain analyzes how loud a track sounds and tells the player how much to raise or lower it during playback. The audio file itself can remain unchanged (nondestructive), so the adjustment is reversible and does not require re-encoding. ReplayGain is a common standard, but it is not universal.

LUFS (Loudness Units relative to Full Scale) measures the average perceived loudness of audio over time. The numbers are negative because digital audio has a fixed maximum level of 0. A song at −15 LUFS is not being reduced by 15 dB; it simply measures −15 on that loudness scale. Its individual peaks may still rise close to the digital maximum, for example −1 or −2 dBTP.

Two songs can both peak near 0 dB but one might measure −9 LUFS and the other −18 LUFS. LUFS describes how loud the whole song feels, while peak measurements describe only its loudest moments.

NTR is streaming at -14 LUFS

Approximate range	Typical use	Main advantage	Main disadvantage
−27 to −23 LUFS/LKFS	Film and television	Maximum headroom and dynamics	Quieter average playback
−20 to −16 LUFS	Internet radio, podcasts, quieter music playback	Good dynamics with practical loudness	Can seem quiet in noisy environments
−16 to −14 LUFS	Mainstream music streaming	Good balance of loudness and headroom	Some dynamic recordings may need peak control
Around −11 LUFS	Loud listening modes	Better audibility in noisy environments	More limiting and reduced dynamic range

Outlet / Standard	Loudness	Compared with your −14 LUFS
Netflix	−27 LKFS dialogue	13 dB quieter
U.S. Digital TV – ATSC A/85	−24 LKFS	10 dB quieter
European TV – EBU R128	−23 LUFS	9 dB quieter
AES Internet radio / streaming	−20 to −16 LUFS	6 to 2 dB quieter
Spotify – Quiet	−19 LUFS	5 dB quieter
Apple Music / Sound Check	≈−16 LUFS	≈2 dB quieter
Apple Podcasts	−16 LKFS	2 dB quieter
North Texas Radio	−14 LUFS	Reference
Spotify – Normal	−14 LUFS	Same target
YouTube	≈−14 LUFS	≈Same target
TIDAL	≈−14 LUFS	≈Same target
Amazon Music	≈−14 LUFS	≈Same target
Amazon Alexa audio	−14 LUFS	Same target
Spotify – Loud	−11 LUFS	3 dB louder
U.S. FM radio	No LUFS target	Uses modulation and broadcast processing
U.S. AM radio	No LUFS target	Uses modulation and broadcast processing
Live365	No published LUFS target	Cannot directly rank

ChatGPT-5.6 Sol.

North Texas Radio’s stream headroom is set to −0.2 dB. Over the past two weeks at this setting, the highest measured stream peak has been −0.1 dBTP. Problem peaks have been corrected in the streaming library, and ReplayGain adjusts track playback levels.

True Peak	Headroom to 0	Practical meaning
−3 dBTP	3 dB	Very conservative. Plenty of room for encoding and processing
−2 dBTP	2 dB	Common broadcast safety margin before lossy encoding
−1.5 dBTP	1.5 dB	Comfortable streaming margin
−1 dBTP	1 dB	Common streaming recommendation. Good balance of loudness and safety
−0.8 dBTP	0.8 dB	Slightly less safety margin
−0.6 dBTP	0.6 dB	Quite close to full scale but still below it
−0.3 dBTP	0.3 dB	Very little room for codec or processing overshoot
0 dBTP	0 dB	No headroom
Above 0 dBTP	None	Potential clipping during playback or conversion

Outlet / standard	Loudness target	Typical maximum True Peak / headroom
Netflix	−27 LKFS dialogue	−2 dBTP; Netflix suggests limiter around −2.3 (Netflix Partner Help Center)
U.S. TV – ATSC A/85	−24 LKFS	below −2 dBTP to allow for downstream encoding (ATSC : NextGen TV)
European TV – EBU R128	−23 LUFS	−1 dBTP for linear audio; −2 dBTP may be used before lossy codecs (EBU Tech)
AES Internet streaming	current recommendation ≈−18 LUFS	−1 dBTP at codec input (AES)
Spotify Normal	−14 LUFS	generally preserves 1 dB headroom; recommends masters below −1 dBTP (Spotify)
Spotify Loud	−11 LUFS	limiter engages at −1 dB sample peak (Spotify)
Apple Podcasts	−16 LKFS	≤−1 dB true peak before encoding (Apple Podcasts)
FM / AM radio	no LUFS equivalent	not directly comparable; controlled by modulation/processor limits
Live365	no published LUFS target	no useful published true-peak ceiling I can find

ChatGPT-5.6 Sol.

These are the specific steps AI took to analyze and make corrections

Created a .ps1 script for the Windows loudness scan.
Ran the .ps1 in Windows PowerShell, which scanned the music files and created .csv reports.
Analyzed the .csv files for:
- Current loudness of each track
- Tracks significantly below the target
- Gain required to approach −14 LUFS
- Peak / true-peak problems
- Tracks marked Reduced to prevent clipping
- Files that could not be scanned
- Errors and unusual results
Set the correction criteria:
- Target approximately −14 LUFS
- Only correct tracks at least 1 dB below target
- Maximum projected true peak approximately −1.5 dBTP
- Do not force a track to −14 if doing so would create excessive peaks
Created a candidate list from the CSV analysis.
Ran a preflight check in PowerShell before changing any audio:
- Verified file paths
- Checked for missing files
- Verified proposed gain changes
- Checked projected true peaks
- Confirmed there were 0 missing files
Created a manifest listing the files to be processed and the planned corrections.
Because some tracks in the working library had already been modified, untouched backup copies were used as the source for those corrections. This avoided re-encoding already processed MP3s and adding another generation of lossy compression.
Ran the correction .ps1 in PowerShell. The script:
- Read the candidate/manifest information
- Located each original file
- Applied the calculated gain
- Reduced the gain when necessary to protect the peak ceiling
- Created the corrected files
- Logged the changes made to each file
- Reported files that failed
Reviewed the results and errors.
- Checked files that could not be processed
- Checked tracks whose gain had to be reduced to prevent clipping
- Identified unusually quiet tracks that still needed individual attention
Put the corrected files into the working music library, retaining the existing folder structure and filenames.
Tested the corrected library through StationPlaylist and the stream.

ChatGPT-5.6 Sol.

For most personal music libraries, permanently changing the audio files is unnecessary. First check whether your player supports loudness normalization, such as ReplayGain, and whether it is enabled and working. That is usually enough to make playback volume more consistent.

Important Warning Before Modifying Audio Files!
These are destructive changes. The correction process can permanently alter audio files. If a script is pointed at the wrong folder, given the wrong settings, or allowed to overwrite the originals, the damage may be difficult or impossible to reverse.

Check whether permanent file changes are necessary
Before modifying any music files, check whether the playback software supports ReplayGain or another loudness-normalization system. Determine whether that feature is enabled and working correctly. Then determine whether permanent modification of the audio files is necessary or whether playback normalization alone can achieve the desired result.

Before modifying any audio files, have/make two complete backups of the original music library. Store one backup on a different drive or at a separate location and leave it untouched. The second backup may be used as a read-only source if corrected copies are needed later. Do not modify either backup in place. Corrected files should always be written to a separate working or output location. Test the process on a small group of files first. Verify the output before running it on thousands of tracks. Keep the CSVs, manifests, and logs so every change can be traced. If MP3 files must be re-encoded, use untouched originals whenever possible rather than processing files that have already been altered or re-encoded.

The safest approach is: Original library → two verified backups → test batch → verified corrected copy → working library
Do not begin large-scale correction until the backup has been checked and can actually be restored.

Prompts for Analyzing and Correcting a Music Library
Copy the prompts below into ChatGPT one at a time. Complete each step before moving to the next. When a step creates a CSV or other report, upload that file with the next prompt.
Adjust settings such as the loudness target to fit your system..

Create the scanning script
Prompt – I have a Windows music library containing MP3 files. I want to analyze every audio file recursively without modifying anything. Create a PowerShell .ps1 script that scans the files and produces a CSV containing the full file path, integrated LUFS, peak or true-peak information, scan status and any errors. Before writing the script, tell me what software or command-line tools need to be installed. Include exact instructions for running the script in Windows PowerShell.
Analyze the CSV
Prompt – Analyze this loudness-scan CSV. My target is −14 LUFS. Identify tracks that are at least 1 dB quieter than the target. For each track calculate how much gain would be required to approach −14 LUFS. Also check whether that increase would cause its true peak to exceed −1.5 dBTP. Do not modify any files. Create a table showing current LUFS, current peak, requested gain, maximum safe gain, projected LUFS, projected peak and whether the gain needs to be reduced to prevent clipping.
Find problems before changing anything
Prompt – Examine these scan results for anything that should be reviewed manually before processing. Look for failed scans, missing measurements, unusually low or high loudness, suspicious peak values, files that cannot safely reach the target and anything else that appears abnormal. Separate these from the files that can be processed automatically.
Create a preflight
Prompt – Using the approved correction list, create a PowerShell preflight script. It must not change any audio. Verify that every source file exists, destination paths are valid, there are no duplicate or conflicting filenames, proposed gain for each file is correct and projected peak levels remain within the selected ceiling. Create a CSV manifest showing exactly what would happen. Stop and report errors rather than guessing or silently skipping files. Do not proceed to the correction stage until the preflight results have been reviewed and approved.
Create the correction script
Prompt – Now create the PowerShell script that performs the approved corrections. Apply corrections only to the tracks in the approved list. Raise each selected track toward −14 LUFS, but reduce the gain when necessary so the true peak does not exceed −1.5 dBTP. Read from the designated source files and write corrected files to a separate output location. Never modify the source or backup files in place. Preserve filenames, folder structure, metadata, tags and artwork where possible. Do not silently change the audio format, channel configuration, sample rate or encoding settings without explaining why. Log every successfully processed file, the applied gain, files whose gain was reduced because of peak headroom, and every failure. Do not process files that are not on the approved correction list. Before running the script, explain clearly whether the process requires MP3 re-encoding and what changes will be made to the audio files.

*Important: If the files being corrected have already been modified, normalized, or re-encoded, do not process those altered MP3s again if untouched originals are available. Use the untouched backup files as the source and place the newly corrected versions into the working or streaming library. This avoids an unnecessary additional lossy MP3 encode.
Verify the corrected files
Prompt – Create a second scan of the corrected files and compare it with the original CSV. Show the original LUFS, original peak, applied gain, new LUFS, new peak and difference from the original. Flag any files that did not change as expected, exceeded the intended peak ceiling, failed processing or remain significantly below the −14 LUFS target. Confirm that the number of output files matches the number successfully processed

ChatGPT-5.6 Sol.

The Moving Image Archive
TVTropes
IMDB
Reviews – Roger Ebert
TasteDive

Federal Register
USA.gov
Data.gov
Congress.gov
Congressional Research Service Reports
Govinfo.gov – U.S. Government Publishing Office
USGS Publications Warehouse
Medline Plus
Pub Med
National Library of Medicine
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
U.S. Census Bureau
USA Spending.gov
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
FRASER – Federal Reserve Economic History
FRED – Economic Data
EDGAR – Search Electronic Filings
Founders Online

The Declaration of Independence – National Archives
America’s Founding Documents – National Archives
The Declaration of Independence: What Does it Say? – National Archives
After the Declaration: What Happens Next? – Museum of the American Revolution
Declaration of Independence – Britannica
Declaration of Independence Causes and Effects – Britannica
Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence – Monticello.org
Fourth of July – Independence Day – History.com
10 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About the Fourth of July – Mental Floss

Freedom of Information Act
WHS (DOD) – FOIA Reading Room
CIA – FOIA Reading Room
FBI Records – The Vault*
USDS – FOIA Reading Room
NSA/CSS – FOIA Reading Room
Homeland Security – FOIA Library
Office of Information Policy – FOIA
NASA – FOIA E-Libraries
U.S. Government Open Data

*See Also – Music – The FBI Vault

Chinese Tourists Are Renting Robotic Exoskeletons to Climb Mountains. The Trend Is Spreading - ZME Science (11/05/2026)

How Do You Take a Picture of a Black Hole? - Quantamagazine (10/29/2026)

Sneaky e-telescopic camper triples into 8-person vacation cottage - New Atlas (10/26/2026)

Mac – Commands for Dictating Text
Dictate Text on iPhone
Microsoft – Voice Typing
Dictate in Microsoft 365
Type with your voice
Dictation – as assistive tech

Resources
Microsoft – Accessibility/Disability Support
Apple Accessibility Features
AbilityNet – Digital Accessibility Free Resources
ADA – Fact Sheet – Web Content and Mobile Apps
Google PageSpeed Insights
Wave – Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool
W3 -Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools List
A11Y – Checklist

axe DevTools Browser Extensions
Firefox
Chrome
Edge

DNS Records – Cloud Flare
DNS Checker – DNS Check Propagation Tool – dnschecker.org
DNS Propagation Checker – Global Testing Tool – whatsmydns.net
DNS Propagation Checker: Real-time Global DNS Status
DNSMap – Worldwide DNS Propagation Checker
DNS Lookup – dnslookuo.io

Reddit will force everyone to log in | The Verge - Archive (10/29/2026)

Podcast: Flock CEO Says the Backlash Isn’t Real - 404 Media (10/29/2026)

*See also Music – The FBI Vault

Police Are Increasingly Pulling People Over Because AI Deems Their Driving Patterns “Suspicious” - ACLU (10/26/2026)

Lileks.com
Museum Of Obsolete Technology®
The Center For Land Use Interpretation
Collectors Universe – Boards
Antiquers Forums

“Man fatally shoots cousin during heated argument over whose enchiladas were spicier”
– News For San Antonio (September 1, 2026)

“When action is strong, rhetoric – it can be weak.
When action is weak, rhetoric has to be strong.”
– Richard Nixon – Conversation with Haldeman, and Kissinger (May 5, 1972)

“The case against Clevinger was open and shut. The only thing missing was something to charge him with.”
– Joseph Heller – Catch-22 (1961)

“…if a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing badly.”
– G. K. Chesterton – What’s Wrong with the World (1910)

Mark Baum: “I don’t get it. Why are they confessing?”
Danny Moses: “They’re not confessing.”
Porter Collins: “They’re bragging.”
– The Big Short (2015)

“Are we gonna air it? Of course not. Why? Because he’s not telling the truth? No. Because he is telling the truth.”
– Lowell Bergman – The Insider (1999)

“I’ll say one thing for him, he’s got the courage of his ignorance.”
– Budd Schulberg – A Face in the Crowd (1957)

Bart: “This is the worst day of my life.”
Homer: “The worst day of your life so far.”
– The Simpsons – The Simpsons Movie (2007)

“I like work: it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours.”
– Jerome K. Jerome – Three Men in a Boat (1889)

“It sounds plausible enough tonight, said the Medical Man; but wait until tomorrow. Wait for the common sense of the morning.”
– H. G. Wells – The Time Machine (1895)

“The teacher who has had “twenty years of experience,” is more apt to have had one year’s experience repeated twenty times.”
– W. H. Burton (1928)

“This mysterious mushroom makes people see hundreds of tiny humans”
– University of Utah/ScienceDaily (October 25, 2026)

“The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by an endless series of hobgoblins, most of them imaginary.”
– H.L. Mencken (1922)

“A wise man once said…
Nothing”
– Anonymous

“Of all tyrannies a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It may be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience.”
– C. S. Lewis (1949)

“We must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately.”
– Benjamin Franklin (1776)

“To see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle.”
– George Orwell (1946)

“There are two kinds of people who are staying on this beach: those who are dead and those who are going to die. Now let’s get the hell out of here.”
– Col. George A. Taylor, Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944

“It’s lonely at the top, and nobody likes to be a loser, so strive for mediocrity.”
– Scott Adams – Hartwick Senior Yearbook (1979)

“Outside of the killings, [Washington, D.C.] has one of the lowest crime rates in the country.”
– Mayor Marion Barry (1989)

“All bleeding stops eventually.”
– Surgical Adage

“What is objectionable, what is dangerous about extremists is not that they are extreme, but that they are intolerant.”
– Robert F. Kennedy, The Pursuit of Justice (1964)

“In any great organization it is far, far safer to be wrong with the majority than to be right alone.”
– John Kenneth Galbraith (1989)

“We’re the victims of a foul disease called social prejudice, my child. These dear ladies of the Law and Order League are scouring out the dregs of the town. Come on. Be a proud, glorified dreg like me.”
– Dr. Josiah Boone – Stagecoach (1939)

“We have all forgot more than we remember.”
Thomas Fuller, M.D. (1732)

“Here is Edward Bear, coming downstairs now, bump, bump, bump, on the back of his head, behind Christopher Robin. It is, as far as he knows, the only way of coming downstairs, but sometimes he feels that there really is another way, if only he could stop bumping for a moment and think about it.”
– A.A. Milne – Winnie-the-Pooh (1926)

“In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace – and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock.”
– Harry Lime (Orson Welles) – The Third Man (1949)

Trying is the first step toward failure.
– Homer Simpson (1997)

“Do the youngsters know what these goofballs are made of, son?”
– Sgt. Joe Friday (1952)

“What Jesus fails to appreciate is that it’s the meek who are the problem.”
– Life of Brian

“Making money ain’t nothing exciting to me. … You might be able to buy a little better booze than some wino on the corner. But you get sick just like the next cat, and when you die you’re just as graveyard dead as he is.”
– Louis Armstrong (1964)

June: “I got a call from your principal’s office. Do you know why I would need to go to the principal’s office?”
Beaver: “Wally must have done something bad.”
– Leave it to Beaver (1957)

“To me, tragedy is if I’ll cut my finger. That’s tragedy. … And to me, comedy is if you walk into an open sewer and die.”
– Mel Brooks (1962)

“There has been a great laziness in my soul. Lots of days I could write songs, but I could also take my $400 and play the slot machines at the riverfront casino.”
– Chuck Berry (2001)

“We laugh at nonsense. We like it. We think it’s funny. Don’t you think it’s odd that we appreciate absurdity? Why would we develop that way? How does it benefit us?.”
“I suppose if we couldn’t laugh at things that don’t make sense, we couldn’t react to a lot of life.”
– Bill Watterson – Calvin and Hobbes (1991)

“My father is no different than any other powerful man, any man with power, like a president or senator.”
“Do you know how naive you sound, Michael? Presidents and senators don’t have men killed.”
“Oh. Who’s being naive, Kay?”
– The Godfather (1972)

“You know, I wanted to sit on a jury once and I was taken off the jury. And the judge said to me, ‘Can, you know, can you tell the truth and be fair?’ And I said, ‘That’s what journalists do.’ And everybody in the courtroom laughed. It was the most hurtful moment I think I’ve ever had.”
– Diane Sawyer (2007)

“Nobody realizes that some people expend tremendous energy merely to be normal.”
– Blanche Balain, recorded in Albert Camus’s Notebooks (1942–1951)

“Corn Pop was a bad dude and he ran a bunch of bad boys.”
– Joe Biden (2017)

“In fact, our reverence for the truth might be a distraction that is getting in the way of finding common ground and getting things done.”
– NPR CEO Katherine Maher (2024)

“Taco Bell worker fires gun at three female customers after one tried to fill water cup with soda”
– NBC Miami (April 29, 2026)

“PS I forgot to say there is no worry about FOIAs. I can either send stuff to Tony on his private gmail, or hand it to him at work or at his house. He is too smart to let colleagues send him stuff that could cause trouble.”
– David Morens, M.D. (2021)

“Fuckin’ big bastards, that’s what the Beatles were. You have to be a bastard to make it, that’s a fact, and the Beatles are the biggest bastards on earth.”
– John Lennon (1970)

Once is happenstance. Twice is coincidence. The third time it’s enemy action.
– Ian Fleming (1959)

Internet Archive
National Archives
Library of Congress – Digital Collections
Smithsonian – Open Access
Prelinger Archives
NASA Image and Video Library
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service- National Digital Library
U.S. Geological Survey – Library Photographic Collection
Project Gutenberg
The Public Domain Review

“Public domain” collections are not always 100% public domain. Check the rights statement on the specific item before reuse.

USC Libraries Research Guide – Boolean Concepts
USC Libraries Research Guide -Additional Search Options

Operator	Description	Example
AND	Requires all terms to match, narrowing the results.	climate AND change
Notes / Variations: Core Boolean operator. Some systems assume AND between words; others use OR or relevance-based defaults.
OR	Matches either term, broadening the results.	climate OR warming
Notes / Variations: Core Boolean operator; useful for alternatives and synonyms. Some systems also support \| or \|\|.
NOT	Excludes results containing the following term.	climate NOT denial
Notes / Variations: Core Boolean operator. Some systems use AND NOT or a minus sign instead.
+	Requires the following term to be included, where supported.	+climate +change
Notes / Variations: Prefix operator supported by some search engines and database systems. Place it directly before the term.
–	Excludes the following term.	climate -denial
Notes / Variations: Common in web search. Place the minus sign directly before the term with no space.
” “	Searches for words together as a phrase.	“climate change”
Notes / Variations: Commonly used for exact phrase searching. Details such as punctuation and stemming can vary by system.
( )	Groups terms and operators to control logical precedence.	(climate OR global) AND warming
Notes / Variations: Useful for combining several Boolean expressions and avoiding ambiguity.
*	Wildcard or truncation symbol; its meaning varies by system.	climat*
Notes / Variations: In some database and Lucene-style searches it can match endings such as climate, climatic, or climatology. Some web search systems instead use * as a placeholder for unspecified word(s).
?	Single-character wildcard; replaces one unknown character.	wom?n
Notes / Variations: Can match words such as woman and women. Supported by some database and Lucene-style search systems, but not universally.
~	Used for fuzzy matching or proximity searching, depending on the system.	roam~1 or “climate change”~5
Notes / Variations: The number may represent edit distance, similarity, or word proximity. Syntax and meaning vary considerably between systems.
NEAR or NEAR/n	Finds terms occurring near one another.	climate NEAR/5 crisis
Notes / Variations: Proximity syntax varies. Other forms include NEAR(5), W/n, and similar operators. Word order is often not required.
ONEAR	Finds terms near one another while preserving their specified order.	climate ONEAR(5) change
Notes / Variations: Ordered proximity operator supported by some search systems. Exact syntax varies.
[x TO y]	Searches within a range of numbers, dates, or other ordered values.	date:[2020 TO 2025]
Notes / Variations: Lucene-style inclusive range syntax. Other systems may use different range formats such as 2020..2025.
/regex/	Uses a regular expression to match a text pattern.	/climat(e\|ic)/
Notes / Variations: Advanced feature supported by some Lucene-style and specialized search systems. Not widely supported by general web search engines.
{n}	Requires a term or phrase to occur at least n times, in systems that support frequency searching.	“climate change”{3}
Notes / Variations: Specialized syntax used by some monitoring and database search tools. It is not a standard Boolean operator.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Basic Search Engines

Specialty Search Engines

Engine	Description	Key Features
Google Scholar	Searches scholarly articles, theses, books, abstracts, court opinions, and citations.	author:; exact titles in quotation marks; advanced search by author, title, publication, and date; site: searches.
Semantic Scholar	Scientific literature search with citation and related-paper discovery.	Filters by author, journal or conference, publication type, and date range; citation graphs and paper summaries.
Startpage	Privacy-focused web search using results from Google and Bing without personalized search profiling.	Exact phrases; -, site:, filetype:, intitle:, before:, and after:.
Kagi	Paid, ad-free search engine focused on privacy and user-controlled search results.	Lenses for specialized searches; raise, lower, block, or pin websites in results.
Amazon Search	Product search across Amazon’s catalog.	Department, brand, price, rating, delivery, and other product filters.
eBay Advanced Search	Searches auction and fixed-price listings.	Filters by price, condition, listing format, seller, location, item number, and other listing properties.
Google News	Searches and aggregates news from many publishers.	Search by topic, location, or source; advanced search can include or exclude words, specify an exact phrase, choose a date range, or restrict by publisher site.
Bing News	Searches current news and groups coverage by topic.	News search, categories, local news, related coverage, and topic tracking.
Indeed Search	Searches job listings by keywords and location.	Filters for job type, salary, company, location, date posted, experience level, and related criteria.
GitHub Search	Searches repositories, code, issues, pull requests, users, and other GitHub content.	Code search supports AND, OR, NOT, regular expressions, and qualifiers including repo:, org:, language:, path:, symbol:, and content:.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Google is used here as the reference for basic web search. Many common operators work similarly elsewhere, but the exact syntax and behavior vary by search engine.

Google Search Help – Refine Google Searches
ahrefs blog – Google Search Operators: The Complete List (44 Advanced Operators)
Kinsta – Google Search Operators: 40 Commands to Know
Search Engine Land – 19 advanced Google Search Operators
YouTube – Google Like a Pro – All Advanced Search Operators Tutorial (Video)

Google supports operators for exact phrases, exclusions, specific sites, file types, dates, page titles, URLs, and page text. Some advanced operators are not officially documented by Google and may work inconsistently.

Operator	Description	Example
” “	Searches for an exact word or phrase.	“Steve Jobs”
–	Excludes a word, phrase, site, or other expression.	jaguar -car
OR	Searches for either of two terms or expressions.	jobs OR careers
site:	Limits results to a specific website or domain.	iphone site:apple.com
-site:	Excludes results from a specific website or domain.	“best cassette deck” -site:pinterest.com
filetype:	Limits results to a specific file type.	“climate change” filetype:pdf site:nasa.gov
before:	Limits results to documents Google dates before a specified year or date.	iphone before:2020-01-01
after:	Limits results to documents Google dates after a specified year or date.	iphone after:2020-01-01
before: + after:	Combines the date operators to search within a date range.	iphone after:2020-01-01 before:2021-01-01
Advanced Search	Google’s Advanced Search page can restrict terms by title, page text, URL, site/domain, file type, language, region, date, and other criteria.	google.com/advanced_search

Google – Complex Queries Examples

Query Example	Explanation	Expected Results
(climate OR “global warming” OR “climate change”) AND (impact OR effect) -politics filetype:pdf site:.edu	Groups synonyms for the main topic with AND for related concepts; excludes politics, limits to PDFs on educational sites.	Academic PDFs on environmental impacts, excluding political angles (e.g., IPCC reports).
(“machine learning” OR AI) AND (ethics OR bias) intitle:review since:2020	Combines terms with synonyms, targets review articles in titles, and filters recent results.	Scholarly articles/reviews on AI ethics from 2020 onward.
(Java OR Python) AND developer AND (New York OR NYC OR “New York City”) -junior	Synonym grouping for skills/locations; excludes entry-level roles for recruitment.	Job postings or profiles for mid/senior developers in NYC.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Bing supports standard Boolean searching along with several field-specific search keywords. Ordinary multiple terms are treated as AND searches. OR and NOT should be capitalized, and there should be no space after the colon in operators such as site: or filetype:.

Operator	Description	Example
” “	Searches for an exact phrase.	“Brian Eno”
AND or &	Requires both terms or phrases. Bing treats ordinary multiple terms as AND by default.	climate AND policy
OR or \|	Searches for either term or phrase. OR should be uppercase.	climate OR environment
NOT or –	Excludes a term or phrase. NOT should be uppercase.	jaguar -car
( )	Groups terms when combining Boolean operators.	(climate OR environment) AND policy
+	Requires the following term, including terms Bing might otherwise ignore.	Star Wars +the
site:	Limits results to a website, domain, or supported directory.	“Apollo 11” site:nasa.gov
filetype:	Limits results to a specified file type.	“climate change” filetype:pdf site:nasa.gov
intitle:	Requires a term to appear in the webpage title.	climate intitle:report
inbody:	Requires a term to appear in the body text of the webpage.	renewable inbody:hydrogen
inanchor:	Requires a term to appear in link anchor text pointing to the page.	climate inanchor:NASA
contains:	Finds webpages that contain links to a specified type of file.	music contains:mp3
language:	Limits results to webpages in a specified language.	climate language:en
loc: / location:	Limits results to a specified country or region.	renewable energy loc:US
prefer:	Gives extra emphasis to a term without strictly requiring it.	jaguar prefer:animal

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Kagi supports a compact set of documented search operators and also adds features such as Lenses and bangs. Press ? on any Kagi results page to open its built-in operator and shortcut reference

Operator / Feature	Description	Example
” “	Searches for an exact phrase.	“Brian Eno”
site:	Limits results to a specific website or domain.	“Brian Eno” site:allmusic.com
inurl:	Finds pages whose URL contains a specified term or phrase.	headphones inurl:forum
intitle:	Finds pages whose title contains a specified term or phrase.	chess intitle:books
filetype:	Limits results to a particular file type.	us census 1860 filetype:pdf
AND	Requires all connected terms or phrases.	sweaters (christmas AND ugly)
OR	Searches for either of the connected terms or phrases.	recipes (szechuan OR cantonese)
+	Requires a term or phrase.	food +cat
–	Excludes a term or phrase.	food -dog
( )	Groups terms or expressions.	sweaters (christmas AND ugly)
*	Matches any word.	best * ever
!bang	Runs a shortcut search on another site or Kagi feature.	!r han shot first
Lenses	Applies a focused set of search rules, such as included or excluded websites, keywords, file type, region, or date limits.	Select Forums, Academic, Programming, PDFs, or a custom Lens
?	Opens Kagi’s built-in help panel showing search operators, keyboard shortcuts, query shortcuts, and widgets.	Press ? on a search-results page

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Use Case	Query Example	Expected Results
Topic Search	“climate change” -politics site:nasa.gov	NASA pages about climate change that do not contain the excluded term.
Explanation: Requires the exact phrase “climate change,” excludes pages containing politics, and limits results to NASA.
Author or Name Search	“Katherine Johnson” filetype:pdf site:nasa.gov	NASA PDF documents that mention Katherine Johnson.
Explanation: Searches NASA for PDF files containing the exact name “Katherine Johnson.”
File Type Search	“electric vehicles” filetype:pdf site:energy.gov	Department of Energy PDFs about electric vehicles.
Explanation: Requires the phrase “electric vehicles,” limits results to PDF files, and restricts the search to energy.gov.
Recent File Search	cybersecurity filetype:pdf after:2025-01-01 site:nist.gov	More recent NIST PDF documents related to cybersecurity.
Explanation: Searches NIST PDFs containing cybersecurity and limits results to documents Google identifies as updated after January 1, 2025.
Date Range Search	“artificial intelligence” after:2024-01-01 before:2025-01-01 site:nist.gov	NIST pages about artificial intelligence within the specified date range.
Explanation: Combines after: and before: to limit results to a date range while restricting the search to NIST.
Subdomain Search	python tutorial site:docs.python.org	Python tutorial and documentation pages from the official Python documentation site.
Explanation: Restricts results to the docs.python.org subdomain.
Exact Phrase on a Site	“Apollo 11” site:nasa.gov	NASA pages containing the exact phrase “Apollo 11.”
Explanation: Combines an exact phrase with a site restriction.
Exclude a Site	“electric vehicle” -site:pinterest.com	Results about electric vehicles while excluding Pinterest.
Explanation: Searches for the exact phrase “electric vehicle” while excluding results from pinterest.com.
Alternative Terms	“electric car” OR “electric vehicle” site:energy.gov	Department of Energy pages discussing either electric cars or electric vehicles.
Explanation: Searches energy.gov for either of two related phrases.
Exact Document Title	“Electric Vehicle Basics” filetype:pdf site:energy.gov	The Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Basics PDF and closely matching documents.
Explanation: Combines an exact title, PDF restriction, and site restriction.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Disambiguation Techniques

Technique	What it does	Example
Add the type of thing	Tells the search engine what category you mean.	`Cars band` • `Mercury planet` • `Jaguar animal`
Add an occupation or role	Separates people with common names or words that have other meanings.	`Seal singer` • `Jordan basketball player` • `Prince musician`
Add a location	Separates places with identical or similar names.	`Paris Texas` • `Georgia country` • `Washington state`
Add a company or organization	Distinguishes a product/person/topic associated with a particular organization.	`Mercury Ford` • `Jordan Nike`
Add a creator	Useful when titles are shared by several works.	`Crash Cronenberg` • `Heat Michael Mann`
Add the year	One of the best ways to separate films, albums, events, models, etc.	`Crash 1996` • `King Kong 1933`
Add both type and year	Even more precise for reused titles.	`Crash film 1996` • `Dune film 1984`
Add the medium	Separates works with the same title across books, films, TV, songs, games, etc.	`It novel` • `It film` • `Halo game`
Add a related person	Narrows something by association.	`Wings Paul McCartney` • `Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin`
Add a related title or group	Useful for people, songs, characters, equipment, etc.	`Brian Jones Rolling Stones` • `George Martin Beatles`
Use the full name	Avoids ambiguity caused by surnames or shortened names.	`Michael Jordan` instead of `Jordan`
Add a middle name or initial	Helps distinguish people with identical names.	`George H. W. Bush` vs. `George W. Bush`
Use quotation marks	Keeps a multiword name or title together as an exact phrase.	`"The Cars"` • `"A Perfect Circle"`
Add descriptive context words	Plain-language context can be enough without any operator.	`python programming` • `apple fruit` • `bass fish`
Exclude the unwanted meaning	Useful when one interpretation overwhelms the results.	`jaguar -car` • `mercury -planet`
Exclude an exact unwanted phrase	More precise when the unwanted meaning is multiple words.	`Wings -"Paul McCartney"`
Restrict to a relevant site	Lets the site itself provide much of the context.	`"The Cars" site:allmusic.com`
Exclude a dominant site	Removes a site that is crowding out other meanings or sources.	`"DIY bracelets" -site:pinterest.com`
Add a model or product number	Extremely effective for equipment, electronics, vehicles and parts.	`Sony STR-6055` • `Canon AE-1`
Add a version or generation	Separates products/software with reused names.	`Photoshop 2026` • `iPad 10th generation`
Add an edition	Useful for books, software, standards and reference works.	`Gray's Anatomy 42nd edition`
Add season, episode, volume or issue	Disambiguates serialized material.	`Twilight Zone season 1 episode 8`
Add a time period or era	Helps when a name spans decades or changes meaning over time.	`Chicago band 1970s` • `IBM 1980s`
Add a country or language	Separates regional versions, artists, publications, products, etc.	`Office UK` • `Office US` • `Taxi French film`
Use an acronym together with its expansion	Helps when an acronym has several meanings.	`"National Public Radio" NPR`
Spell out the acronym	Often enough by itself to eliminate irrelevant meanings.	`National Science Foundation` instead of `NSF`
Add an alias or alternate name	Useful for people, bands, places and works known by several names.	`David Bowie Ziggy Stardust`
Add a scientific name	Eliminates ambiguity in plants, animals, diseases and chemicals.	`cougar Puma concolor`
Add a formal identifier	Very strong when one exists.	ISBN, DOI, catalog number, part number, patent number
Add a file type	Helps distinguish documentation from ordinary web pages.	`"Sony STR-6055" filetype:pdf`
Search a distinctive phrase from the thing	Excellent when you remember wording but not the title.	`"PC Load Letter"`
Combine several weak clues	Often better than relying on one perfect keyword.	`British actor Doctor Who 1970s`
Use OR for alternate names	Covers two possible names/spellings at once.	`"Puff Daddy" OR "P. Diddy"`
Use alternate spellings	Useful for British/US spelling, transliteration, historical spelling, etc.	`color OR colour`
Add the source type	Narrows a broad subject to the kind of information wanted.	`Apollo 11 transcript` • `Beatles interview` • `radio manual`
Use the appropriate search vertical	Sometimes changing where you search is the best disambiguation.	Images for objects, Maps for places, IMDb for films, Discogs for records

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Internet Archive – Search – Building Complex Queries
Internet Archive – Advanced Search

Internet Archive metadata search supports Boolean operators, exact phrases, wildcards, ranges, and field-specific searches. Fields such as title, creator, subject, collection, date, and media type can be combined to narrow results. This searches Archive.org item metadata.

Operator/Property	Description	Example
AND	Requires both terms or conditions.	cats AND dogs
OR	Matches either term or condition.	cats OR dogs
AND NOT	Excludes matching terms or conditions.	cats AND NOT dogs
( )	Groups terms and controls how Boolean expressions are combined.	(cats OR dogs) AND pets
” “	Searches for an exact phrase.	“feline friends”
*	Wildcard matching multiple characters.	cat*
?	Wildcard matching a single character.	te?t
[x TO y]	Inclusive range search for dates, numbers, or other ordered fields.	date:[2020-01-01 TO 2025-12-31]
{x TO y}	Exclusive range search; excludes the two boundary values.	downloads:{1000 TO 5000}
title:	Searches the title field.	title:”War and Peace”
creator:	Searches the creator, author, director, performer, or similar creator field.	creator:”Charles Dickens”
description:	Searches the item description.	description:pets
subject:	Searches subjects, topics, or keywords assigned to an item.	subject:animals
collection:	Limits results to a collection identifier.	collection:opensource_audio
mediatype:	Filters by media type, such as texts, audio, movies, software, image, or data.	mediatype:texts
date:	Searches the publication or content date stored in the item’s metadata.	date:1922
publicdate:	Searches the date the item became publicly available on Archive.org.	publicdate:[2025-01-01 TO 2025-12-31]
identifier:	Searches the item’s unique Internet Archive identifier.	identifier:example_item
language:	Filters by language metadata.	language:eng
contributor:	Searches contributor metadata.	contributor:Smithsonian
format:	Finds items containing a specified file format.	format:PDF
isbn:	Searches ISBN metadata when present.	isbn:9780140436143
item_size:	Filters by total item size in bytes.	item_size:[1000000 TO 5000000]
downloads:	Filters by an item’s download count.	downloads:[1000 TO 5000]
licenseurl:	Filters by license metadata. Wildcards are useful for Creative Commons licenses.	licenseurl:httpby-nc-nd

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Internet Archive – Using the Wayback Machine
Wayback Machine Search

The Wayback Machine CDX API searches the index of archived URL captures. It can limit results by URL, date, HTTP status, file type, and other capture metadata. It does not search the text contained inside archived web pages.

Parameter	Description	Example
url=	Specifies the URL to search for. This is the only required parameter.	url=example.com
matchType=	Controls how the URL is matched: exact, prefix, host, or domain.	matchType=prefix
from=	Limits results to captures on or after a date or timestamp. Values can range from a year to a full YYYYMMDDhhmmss timestamp.	from=2020
to=	Limits results to captures on or before a date or timestamp.	to=20251231
filter=	Filters results by a CDX field using a regular expression.	filter=statuscode:200
filter=!	Excludes results matching a field value or regular expression.	filter=!statuscode:200
limit=	Limits the maximum number of results returned.	limit=50
output=	Requests JSON output. Without this parameter, results are returned as plain CDX text.	output=json
collapse=	Removes adjacent duplicate results based on a field.	collapse=digest
collapse=field:N	Collapses results using the first N characters of a field. Useful for reducing many captures from the same period.	collapse=timestamp:8
fl=	Specifies which fields are returned and their order.	fl=timestamp,original,statuscode
timestamp	The archived capture timestamp.	fl=timestamp
original	The original archived URL.	fl=original
mimetype	The captured resource’s MIME type.	filter=mimetype:text/html
statuscode	The HTTP response status of the capture.	filter=statuscode:200
digest	A content digest used to identify identical captures.	collapse=digest
length	The recorded size of the captured resource.	fl=timestamp,original,length

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Search features vary by site. Most are free and public. Some services may require a free account for certain features.

Site	Description	Search
Intelligence / Security
FBI Vault	FBI records released through FOIA, including files on people, organizations, events, investigations, and historical topics.	FBI Vault Search
Search Features: Keyword search; an Advanced Search form is also available. The current site does not document a comprehensive Boolean/operator syntax.
CIA Electronic Reading Room	CIA records released through FOIA and the 25-year declassification review program.	Advanced Search Advanced Search Guide
Search Features: Full-text words or phrases; filters by collection, document title, document number, original classification, publication date or date range, content type, and case number.
National Security Agency / Central Security Service	Declassified NSA records, cryptologic history, historical releases, FOIA material, and Inspector General reports.	Declassification & Transparency Initiatives
Search Features: Browse and search released records by collection or topic. No general advanced Boolean syntax is documented for the current release pages.
Department of War Office of Inspector General	FOIA-released Inspector General audits, evaluations, investigations, logs, and related records.	FOIA Reading Room
Search Features: Keyword or title search; records can also be browsed by tags and categories. Separate OIG reports are available through the Reports section.
Archives / History
National Archives	Federal archival records, digitized materials, authority records, Presidential Library material, and NARA FOIA records.	National Archives Catalog Electronic Reading Room Catalog Search Tips
Search Features: Implicit AND; AND, OR, NOT; exact phrases in quotes; parentheses; trailing wildcard *; Advanced Search filters by data source, date, type of material, level of description, location, title, creator, identifiers, and other fields.
Library of Congress	Books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, newspapers, sound recordings, films, and other Library of Congress collections.	Digital Collections Library Catalog Advanced Search
Search Features: Exact phrases; AND, OR, NOT; Advanced Search fields for title, author/creator, subject, identifiers, series, and place of publication. Field operators include Contains All, Contains Any, Exact Phrase, and Starts With. Filters include format, language, location, and publication year.
U.S. Department of State	Released diplomatic records, correspondence, cables, memoranda, reports, and other State Department records.	Search Released Documents
Search Features: Full-text search; exclude terms; document-date and posted-date ranges; case number; sender and recipient; document type. OCR quality can affect full-text results.
Science / Data
U.S. Geological Survey	USGS scientific publications covering geology, water, ecosystems, hazards, maps, and related earth science.	USGS Publications Warehouse
Search Features: Keyword and metadata search; Advanced Search fields include publication title, contributing office, contributor, ORCID, publication year or year limits, publication type/subtype, series, and report number.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	EPA records released through FOIA and other publicly available environmental and regulatory documents.	EPA FOIA Reading Room EPA FOIA
Search Features: Search by document type, document name, published-date range, text contained in the record, and available custom fields.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	Searches U.S. patents and published patent applications.	Patent Public Search Basic Patent Public Search Advanced
Search Features: AND, OR, NOT, XOR; proximity operators ADJn, NEARn, WITHn, and SAMEn; wildcards and truncation; field codes such as .TTL. for title and .AB. for abstract; numeric and date ranges on supported indexes.
PubMed	Biomedical and life-sciences literature maintained by the National Library of Medicine.	PubMed Advanced Search
Search Features: AND, OR, NOT; exact phrases; field tags such as [ti] for title, [au] for author, [mh] for MeSH terms, and [dp] for publication date; wildcard *; date ranges; proximity syntax such as “heart failure”[tiab:~3].
Other Transparency
Congress.gov	Federal legislation, bills, resolutions, amendments, Congressional Record material, committee material, and related legislative information.	Congress.gov Advanced Search
Search Features: Words and phrases; Boolean searching; filters by Congress, legislation type, sponsor/cosponsor, committee, subject or policy area, legislative action/status, and dates. Advanced text searching also supports proximity queries.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission	Company filings and disclosures submitted through the SEC’s EDGAR system.	EDGAR Search Filings
Search Features: Multiple ordinary terms imply AND; the literal AND command is not required or recognized. Supports OR, NOT or – for exclusion, exact phrases, trailing wildcard *, and NEAR(N) proximity. Filters include company, ticker, CIK, filing type, location, and date range.
Data.gov	Government open-data catalog linking to datasets maintained by the agencies and organizations that publish them.	Data.gov Catalog
Search Features: Keyword search; filters by geographic area, keyword, organization, organization type, publisher, spatial-data status, and whether a direct download is available.
USAspending.gov	Federal award and spending data, including contracts, grants, loans, and other financial assistance.	USAspending Advanced Search
Search Features: Keyword search plus extensive filters including time period, award type, agency, location, recipient, recipient type, award amount, award ID, Assistance Listing, NAICS, PSC, and other award fields.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Library / Database	Description	Guide / Search
PLOS (Public Library of Science)	Nonprofit open-access publisher covering science, medicine, engineering, and related fields.	PLOS Find and Read Articles
Key Search Features: Keyword and advanced search; fields and filters include author, subject, article type, journal, and other article metadata. Search alerts are also available.
SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online)	Open-access journal network covering research from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain, Portugal, South Africa, and other participating collections.	SciELO Search
Key Search Features: AND and OR; field indexes including ti: (title), au: (author), kw: (keywords), subject:, ab: (abstract), publication_year:, doi:, and issn:. Results can also be filtered by collection, journal, language, year, and document type.
Zenodo	CERN-hosted repository for research papers, datasets, software, presentations, images, and other research outputs.	Zenodo Search Guide
Key Search Features: AND, OR, NOT, +, -, exact phrases, field searches, ranges, wildcards, fuzzy search, proximity, and regular expressions. Searchable fields include title, creators, DOI, keywords, publication date, resource type, access rights, and many others.
DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books)	Discovery service indexing peer-reviewed open-access books and chapters from scholarly publishers.	DOAB Search Help
Key Search Features: General keyword search plus Advanced Search fields for title, contributor, publisher, funder, language, date issued, subject, collection, DOI, publication type, license, and ISBN.
RePEc / IDEAS	Bibliographic database for economics research including articles, working papers, books, chapters, and related material.	IDEAS Search
Key Search Features: + for AND, \| for OR, ~ for NOT, quotation marks for phrases, parentheses for grouping, automatic stemming and synonyms, date limits, and JEL classification browsing. Wildcards are not used.
PhilPapers	Philosophy bibliography and research index organized by subjects and specialist categories.	PhilPapers Search Help
Key Search Features: & for AND, \| for OR, – for exclusion, * for truncation, proximity searching, and field searches such as @title, @authors, @descriptors, and @source.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)	Research database for astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and related literature.	ADS Search Syntax
Key Search Features: AND is the default; OR, NOT, and – are supported. Extensive field searching includes author:, title:, abs:, year:, doi:, bibstem:, object:, and full:. Supports year ranges and first-author searches using ^.
CiteSeerX	Scientific-literature digital library best known for computer and information science and automated citation indexing.	CiteSeerX
Key Search Features: Keyword and document search with citation and related-document information. Current public documentation does not clearly define a comprehensive advanced operator syntax.
ScienceOpen	Scholarly discovery platform covering articles and other research records across disciplines.	ScienceOpen Search
Key Search Features: Phrase search and configurable filters; search separately across content, authors, and collections. Searches can be saved, sorted, shared, and exported as citations.
Paperity	Multidisciplinary aggregator of open-access journal articles.	Paperity Search
Key Search Features: Full-text article search and journal browsing. No comprehensive advanced Boolean or field-search syntax is currently documented.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Database	Description	Search / Help
PubMed	Free biomedical and life-sciences literature database maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Includes citations and abstracts; full text availability varies.	PubMed Help PubMed Advanced Search
Key Search Features: AND, OR, NOT; exact phrases; field tags such as [au] for author, [ti] for title, [mh] for MeSH, and [dp] for publication date; wildcard *; date ranges; proximity such as “heart failure”[tiab:~3].
Google Scholar	Free search engine for scholarly articles, theses, books, conference papers, court opinions, and other academic literature.	Google Scholar Help Google Scholar Search
Key Search Features: author: searches; exact titles or phrases in quotation marks; Advanced Search fields for author, title, publication, and date; year filtering and relevance/date sorting.
Semantic Scholar	Free AI-assisted scholarly search and discovery service with citation graphs, related-paper discovery, and paper summaries.	Semantic Scholar Tutorials Semantic Scholar Search
Key Search Features: Quoted phrases are supported. Normal website search does not support Boolean operators or wildcards. Filters include field of study, date range, publication type, author, journal, and conference; results can be sorted by relevance, citations, influence, or recency.
CORE	Open scholarly infrastructure that aggregates research from repositories, preprint servers, and journals, with a strong focus on freely available full text.	CORE Search About CORE
Key Search Features: Keyword-based research search and discovery across a very large open-access corpus. CORE also provides tools for locating freely accessible versions of papers. No comprehensive operator syntax is documented for the normal web search.
arXiv	Free repository of preprints and research papers in physics, mathematics, computer science, statistics, economics, and related fields.	arXiv Advanced Search
Key Search Features: Advanced Search combines terms with Boolean operators and specific fields; subject and date filters; exact phrases in quotation marks; * matches multiple characters and ? matches one character.
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)	Curated index of open-access scholarly journals and articles across many disciplines.	DOAJ Journals DOAJ Articles
Key Search Features: Search journals or articles; AND or OR matching; searchable fields include title, keywords, subject, ISSN, DOI, publisher, publisher country, and journal language.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine)	Multidisciplinary academic search engine developed by Bielefeld University Library with strong coverage of institutional repositories and open-access material.	BASE Search Help BASE Advanced Search
Key Search Features: Basic and Advanced Search with field-specific searching and filters. Advanced options can narrow results by fields and bibliographic characteristics; exact syntax should be checked in BASE Help.
Europe PMC	Free biomedical and life-sciences database containing articles, abstracts, preprints, full text, grants, citations, and related research information.	Europe PMC Search Guide Europe PMC Advanced Search
Key Search Features: AND, OR, NOT; AND is the default; exact phrases; wildcard *; field searches such as TITLE:, AUTH:, JOURNAL:, DOI:, PUB_YEAR:, and PMCID:; date and full-text filters; article-section searching.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)	Free U.S. Department of Education database covering education research, reports, journal articles, and other education literature.	ERIC Advanced Search Tips ERIC Search
Key Search Features: Exact phrases; AND and OR; + requires a term and – excludes a term; field searches such as author:, title:, abstract:, descriptor:, source:, and pubyear:; filters for peer-reviewed and ERIC full-text material.
OpenAlex	Open catalog of scholarly works, authors, institutions, sources, topics, funders, and citation relationships.	OpenAlex Works OpenAlex Query Language
Key Search Features: Basic website search uses ordinary text plus filters for year, work type, open-access status, institution, and other fields. The Advanced Query Builder/OQL supports AND, OR, NOT, exact phrases, wildcards, proximity, ranges, field-specific searches, and semantic search.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Library and academic database search syntax is not standardized. Boolean logic, phrase searching, truncation, proximity searching, and field searching are widely available, but the exact operators and field codes vary by database. Advanced Search forms are often the easiest way to build field-specific searches without memorizing syntax.

Academic/Library Database Complex Queries

Database	Query Example	Expected Results
EBSCO	AU Smith AND TI “climate change”	Works by authors named Smith with “climate change” in the title.
Explanation: Searches the Author field for Smith and the Title field for the exact phrase “climate change.”
ProQuest	AUTHOR(Smith) AND TITLE(“climate change”) AND YR(>2015) NOT SUBJECT(politics)	Post-2015 works by Smith with “climate change” in the title, excluding politics as a subject.
Explanation: Combines author, title, publication-year, and subject fields.
ProQuest	(“renewable energy” OR solar OR wind) AND (economic PRE/5 policy)	Documents discussing renewable energy and closely related economic-policy language.
Explanation: Uses synonyms plus ordered proximity. PRE/5 requires economic to occur within five words before policy.
JSTOR	ti:”climate change” AND au:Smith NOT politics	JSTOR items by Smith with “climate change” in the title that do not contain politics.
Explanation: Searches the title field for an exact phrase, limits by author, and excludes politics.
JSTOR	“renewable energy”~10 AND policy	Items where renewable-energy terminology occurs near related policy discussion.
Explanation: Finds renewable and energy within ten words of each other, together with policy.
Scopus	TITLE-ABS-KEY(“renewable energy”) AND PUBYEAR > 2020	Scopus documents published after 2020 discussing renewable energy.
Explanation: Searches titles, abstracts, and keywords and limits results by publication year.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Common field-search examples include EBSCO AU Smith, ProQuest AUTHOR(Smith), PubMed Smith[au], Scopus AUTH(Smith), and JSTOR au:Smith. Always check the database’s own search help when constructing complex queries.

Tip: For unfamiliar databases, start with Advanced Search. It exposes the supported fields and operators without requiring you to know that database’s command syntax.

Operator / Feature	Description	Example
AND	Requires both terms or conditions.	climate AND policy
Notes / Variations: Widely supported. Some databases also assume AND between unconnected search terms.
OR	Matches either term or condition.	climate OR warming
Notes / Variations: Widely supported. Useful for synonyms and alternate terminology.
NOT / AND NOT	Excludes a term or condition.	climate NOT denial
Notes / Variations: Syntax varies. PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid and JSTOR use NOT; Scopus uses AND NOT.
( )	Groups terms to control how Boolean expressions are combined.	(climate OR warming) AND policy
Notes / Variations: Useful for complex searches and synonym groups.
” “	Searches words together as a phrase.	“climate change”
Notes / Variations: Phrase behavior varies. PubMed uses a phrase index; Scopus quotation marks perform a loose phrase search and braces { } provide exact phrase matching.
*	Truncation or wildcard for multiple characters.	climat*
Notes / Variations: Supported by PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Scopus, JSTOR and many other systems, but rules differ.
?	Wildcard for a single character or a small number of optional characters, depending on the system.	wom?n
Notes / Variations: Supported by systems such as JSTOR and ProQuest. PubMed does not use ? as a wildcard.
Proximity	Finds terms occurring within a specified number of words of each other.	climate NEAR/5 policy
Notes / Variations: Syntax varies: ProQuest NEAR/n or PRE/n; Ovid ADJn; Scopus W/n or PRE/n; JSTOR “terms”~N; PubMed “terms”[tiab:~N].
Author field	Limits the search to author names.	Smith[au]
Notes / Variations: Examples: PubMed Smith[au]; EBSCO AU Smith; ProQuest AUTHOR(Smith); Scopus AUTH(Smith); JSTOR au:Smith.
Title field	Limits the search to document titles.	climate[ti]
Notes / Variations: Examples: PubMed [ti]; EBSCO TI; ProQuest TITLE(); Scopus TITLE(); JSTOR ti:.
Abstract field	Limits terms to the abstract.	adaptation[ab]
Notes / Variations: Examples: PubMed [ab]; EBSCO AB; ProQuest ABSTRACT(); Scopus ABS(). JSTOR also offers Abstract in Advanced Search.
Subject / Controlled Vocabulary	Searches assigned subjects, descriptors, keywords, or controlled vocabulary.	climate[mh]
Notes / Variations: Examples include PubMed MeSH [mh], EBSCO subject fields, ProQuest subject fields, and Scopus KEY or INDEXTERMS.
Journal / Source	Limits results to a journal or publication.	science[ta]
Notes / Variations: Examples: PubMed [ta]; EBSCO SO; Scopus SRCTITLE(); JSTOR jo:. ProQuest provides publication fields.
Publication Date	Restricts results by publication year or date range.	2020:2025[dp]
Notes / Variations: Syntax varies. PubMed uses date ranges with [dp]; ProQuest uses forms such as YR(2020-2025); Scopus uses PUBYEAR operators. Most interfaces also provide date filters.
DOI	Searches by Digital Object Identifier.	10.1038/example[aid]
Notes / Variations: PubMed searches DOI through the Article Identifier [aid] field. Scopus supports DOI(). Other databases provide their own DOI fields.
ISBN / ISSN	Searches standard book or serial identifiers.	9781234567890[isbn]
Notes / Variations: PubMed supports [isbn]; Scopus has ISBN and ISSN fields; WorldCat provides dedicated identifier indexes.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Biomedical Databases (e.g., PubMed) Complex Queries

Query Example	Expected Results
(“climate change”[ti] OR “global warming”[ti]) AND (“Mental Health”[mh] OR Anxiety[mh]) NOT covid*[ti]	Articles focused on mental-health aspects of climate change, excluding COVID-focused titles.
Explanation: Requires climate-change terminology in the title and Mental Health or Anxiety MeSH indexing, while excluding titles containing COVID terms.
(vaccin[tiab] OR immunization[tiab]) AND (child[tiab] OR pediatric*[tiab]) AND (efficacy[tiab] OR effectiveness[tiab]) AND 2020/01/01:2025/12/31[dp]	Studies from 2020–2025 about vaccine efficacy or effectiveness in children.
Explanation: Searches title/abstract text for vaccine, pediatric, and effectiveness concepts and limits publication dates to 2020–2025.
“climate policy”[tiab:~5] AND 2020:2025[dp]	Recent PubMed records where climate and policy appear close together in the title or abstract.
Explanation: Finds climate and policy within five words of each other in titles or abstracts and limits results to 2020–2025.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Engine / Database	Description	Strengths
Discogs	Community-built database of physical and digital music releases, artists, labels, and credits.	Especially strong for specific editions, pressings, catalog numbers, labels, formats, and marketplace information.
Limitations: Metadata quality and completeness depend on community submissions. Advanced Search / Filters: Advanced Search and filters for artist, release title, label, catalog number, barcode, format, country, genre, style, and year.
AllMusic	Editorial music database with artist biographies, album information, reviews, ratings, genres, styles, moods, and themes.	Strong editorial information and music-discovery classifications.
Limitations: Less detailed for specific pressings and editions than Discogs or MusicBrainz. Advanced Search / Filters: Advanced filters include genre/style, release date, rating, recording type, mood, theme, and artist.
SoundCloud	Streaming platform centered on uploaded tracks, artists, DJ sets, remixes, podcasts, albums, and playlists.	Strong for independent music, remixes, DJ material, demos, and newly uploaded audio.
Limitations: Metadata depends heavily on information supplied by uploaders. Advanced Search / Filters: Search by track, artist, album, or playlist; filters include upload date, duration, tags, and result type.
MusicBrainz	Open, community-maintained music metadata database covering artists, releases, recordings, labels, works, and related entities.	Very detailed metadata, persistent IDs, relationships between entities, and a public API.
Limitations: Community-entered data can vary in completeness. Advanced Search / Filters: Advanced indexed search supports Boolean operators, phrases, wildcards, fuzzy search, regular expressions, ranges, and fields such as artist:, release:, date:, country:, label:, and tag:.
Bandcamp	Direct-to-fan music platform with extensive independent, underground, and niche-music coverage.	Strong for independent releases, labels, obscure genres, artist pages, and physical formats.
Limitations: Search and classification depend heavily on artist-supplied metadata and tags. Advanced Search / Filters: Search artists, albums, and tracks; Discover supports genre, subgenre, tags, artist location, and format. Multiple tags can be combined.
Genius	Lyrics and song-information database with community annotations, artist pages, albums, and song credits.	Strong for lyrics, lyric explanations, song references, credits, and annotations.
Limitations: Coverage and annotation depth vary greatly by artist and song. Advanced Search / Filters: Search by artist, song, album, or lyric text. No comprehensive advanced operator syntax is documented.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Discogs – How to Browse & Search in the Database
Discogs – Advanced Search

Discogs search is primarily keyword- and filter-based rather than operator-based. Exact phrases can be searched with quotation marks. Search results can then be narrowed by format, genre, style, year, and other fields. Advanced Search provides additional fields such as catalog number, matrix/runout information, and contributor roles.

Search Feature	Description	Example
” “	Searches for an exact phrase.	“dark side of the moon”
Keyword Search	Searches releases, artists, labels, and related database entries using entered words.	pink floyd moon
Release / Master / Artist / Label	Limits results to a specific type of Discogs database entry.	Select Release to show releases only.
Format	Filters by physical or digital format.	Vinyl, CD, Cassette
Format Description	Filters by more specific format details.	LP, 12″, Promo, White Label, Reissue
Genre	Filters results by broad musical genre.	Electronic
Style	Filters results by a more specific musical style.	Synth-pop
Multiple Filters	Multiple selections use strict matching, so results must satisfy all selected filters.	Genre: Electronic + Genre: Reggae
Year Range	Limits results to releases within a starting and ending year.	1980 to 1990
Advanced Search	Searches additional database fields such as catalog number, matrix/runout information, and contributor roles.	Catalog Number: FAC 73
r:	Jumps directly to a Discogs release when you know its release ID.	r:1234
u:	Jumps directly to a Discogs user profile.	u:username

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

AllMusic

AllMusic’s Advanced Album Search is filter-based rather than operator-based. It searches albums using genre/style, release date, rating, recording type, mood, theme, and main performer. Results can be sorted by year, album title, or AllMusic rating.

Filter	Description	Example
Genre & Style	Filters by broad genres and more specific musical styles.	Genre: Rock; Style: Alternative/Indie Rock
Release Date	Limits results by release or reissue date range.	1970–1979
AllMusic Rating	Filters by AllMusic’s editorial star rating.	4 Stars or higher
Recording Type	Filters by album or release type.	Studio Recordings, Live Recordings, Singles, EPs, Remixes, Compilations, Various Artists
Album Mood	Filters by descriptive moods associated with the album.	Aggressive, Relaxed, Romantic
Album Theme	Filters by activities, situations, or themes associated with the album.	Late Night, Road Trip, Party
Main Performer	Limits results to albums by a specific primary artist or performer.	Artist: Miles Davis
Sort By	Sorts the filtered results by year, album title, or AllMusic rating.	Sort by: Year

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

SoundCloud

SoundCloud search is keyword-based and personalized. On the web, results can be narrowed by result type, upload date, duration, and tags. SoundCloud does not document a general Boolean search syntax for normal web search.

Filter	Description	Example
Result Type	Limits results to a category such as Tracks, People, Albums, or Playlists.	Search: The Beatles → select Tracks
Upload Date	Limits tracks by when they were uploaded.	Search: The Beatles → Upload Date → Last week
Duration	Limits tracks by length.	Search: The Beatles → Duration → Long
Tag	Filters by user-defined tags such as genre, style, mood, or theme.	Search: electronic → Tag → select a tag
Everything	Shows a mixture of the most relevant result types for your search.	Search: The Beatles → select Everything
SoundCloud Go+ Tracks	Shows premium tracks available through SoundCloud Go+.	Search: The Beatles → select SoundCloud Go+ tracks

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

MusicBrainz – Search Documentation
MusicBrainz – Indexed Search Syntax
MusicBrainz – Search

MusicBrainz indexed search uses Apache Lucene syntax. It supports Boolean operators, phrase searches, wildcards, fuzzy matching, regular expressions, ranges, and entity-specific fields. Search fields vary depending on whether you are searching artists, releases, recordings, works, labels, or other MusicBrainz entities. Direct search is simpler and does not support Boolean logic

Operator/Syntax	Description	Example
Term	Searches a word in the default field or fields for the selected entity type.	rock
” “	Treats multiple words as a phrase.	“tori amos”
field:	Searches a specific MusicBrainz metadata field. Available fields depend on the entity being searched.	artist:royksopp
AND	Requires both terms or conditions.	begin:1984 AND type:group
OR	Matches either term or condition.	rock OR jazz
NOT or –	Excludes a term or condition.	rock NOT pop or -house
( )	Groups expressions when combining Boolean conditions.	(rock OR jazz) AND country:US
?	Single-character wildcard. Cannot be the first character.	te?t
*	Wildcard matching zero or more characters. Cannot be the first character.	test*
~	Fuzzy search for terms with similar spelling. An optional similarity value from 0 to 1 can be supplied.	roam~ or roam~0.8
/regex/	Regular-expression search. Regex normally operates within individual tokens rather than across multiple words.	artist:/Rachmanino(ff\|v)/
[start TO end]	Inclusive range search for supported dates or numeric fields.	date:[1999-01-01 TO 1999-12-31]
true / false	Values used with Boolean metadata fields.	ended:true or video:true
artist:	Searches artist information associated with the selected entity.	artist:”The Beatles”
release:	Searches release titles.	release:”Abbey Road”
recording:	Searches recording or track titles.	recording:”Come Together”
date:	Searches release dates. Full dates, partial dates, and ranges can be used.	date:1969
country:	Searches release or artist country using the appropriate two-letter country code.	country:GB
label:	Searches record-label metadata.	label:”Parlophone”
catno:	Searches release catalog numbers.	catno:PCS7088
barcode:	Searches release barcode metadata.	barcode:5099969944901
tag:	Searches MusicBrainz tags.	tag:psychedelic
format:	Searches release or recording media formats.	format:vinyl
primarytype:	Filters by the primary release-group type.	primarytype:album
dur:	Searches recording duration in milliseconds.	dur:[120000 TO 180000]
video:	Filters recordings by whether they are marked as video recordings.	video:true
MBID fields	Entity-specific fields such as arid, reid, rgid, rid, and wid search by MusicBrainz Identifier.	arid:0383dadf-2a4e-4d10-a46a-e9e041da8eb3

Advanced Query Example	Explanation	Expected Results
artist:”The Beatles” AND date:[1965-01-01 TO 1970-12-31] AND primarytype:album	Limits releases to The Beatles, a 1965–1970 date range, and album-type release groups.	Beatles album releases within the specified date range.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Bandcamp search is primarily keyword-based. It can search combinations of artist, track, album, and label names. For broader discovery, Bandcamp’s Discover tool filters music by genres, tags, artist location, and format. Multiple tags can be combined to narrow results. Bandcamp does not document a general Boolean/operator syntax for normal search.

Search Feature	Description	Example
Keyword Search	Searches artists, albums, tracks, and labels.	Beatles Abbey Road
Combined Names	Combines artist, track, album, or label names to make a search more specific.	Artist name + album name
Result Type	Search results can be narrowed to categories such as artists & labels, albums, tracks, or fans.	Albums
Genre	Discover filters music by broad genre.	Electronic
Subgenre / Tag	Discover uses tags and subgenres to narrow music discovery.	Ambient, Shoegaze, Synthwave
Multiple Tags	Multiple tags can be combined in Discover to create narrower searches.	Experimental + Bagpipes
Artist Location	Discover can filter music by the artist’s location.	Berlin
Format	Discover can filter by formats and merchandise categories.	Vinyl, CD, Cassette
Artists You Follow	Discover can be limited to releases from artists and labels you follow.	Artists you follow

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Search Feature	Description	Example
Keyword Search	Searches Genius for songs, artists, albums, lyrics, and related content.	David Bowie Heroes
Song Title	Searches for a specific song title. Adding the artist name usually improves precision.	Heroes David Bowie
Artist	Searches for an artist and links to the artist’s Genius page and songs.	David Bowie
Album	Searches for album pages and songs associated with an album.	Low David Bowie
Lyrics	Can locate songs using remembered words or phrases from the lyrics.	we can be heroes just for one day
Annotations	Song pages may include line-by-line annotations explaining lyrics, references, and context.	Open a song page and select an annotated lyric.
Credits	Song pages may include songwriting, production, featured-artist, and other credits.	Open the song’s Credits section.
Related Songs / Artist Pages	Artist and song pages provide links to additional songs, albums, and related Genius content.	Open an artist page to browse songs and albums.
Boolean / Advanced Operators	Genius does not document a general AND, OR, NOT, wildcard, or field-prefix syntax for normal website search.	Use ordinary keywords instead.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Image search tools fall into two broad types: keyword image search and visual/reverse image search. Keyword search finds images related to words or phrases and often provides filters such as size, color, type, date, or license. Visual search starts with an image and can find matching or similar images, pages containing the image, objects, products, or related information. Features vary substantially by service.

Engine	Description	Strengths
Openverse	Search engine for openly licensed and public-domain images and audio from many repositories.	Useful when licensing and reuse matter; aggregates many open collections and provides attribution information.
Limitations: Not a general web-image index or reverse-image search engine. License information should still be verified at the original source. Search Features: Keyword search; filters for license, source, file extension, category, image size, and aspect ratio.
Google Images / Google Lens	Google Images provides keyword-based web image search. Google Lens adds visual search using an uploaded, pasted, photographed, or selected image.	Large web index; strong visual recognition; Lens can search an entire image or a selected portion and refine results with text.
Limitations: Usage-rights information comes from source sites and should be independently verified. Visual recognition can produce incorrect matches. Search Features: Google Images filters include size, color, type, time, and usage rights. Standard Google operators such as quotes, -, site:, before:, after:, and filetype: can also help. Lens supports image upload, visual matching, object recognition, cropping, and text-assisted refinement.
Bing Images	Microsoft’s web image search with integrated Bing Visual Search.	Strong filtering plus visual search for similar images, products, source pages, and related information.
Limitations: Availability of particular filters and visual-search features can vary by device, browser, or region. Search Features: Filters include size, color, type, layout, people, license, and date. Visual Search accepts uploaded images, pasted images or URLs, drag-and-drop images, and camera images.
TinEye	Reverse-image search engine designed to find copies and modified versions of a supplied image.	Useful for tracing image reuse, locating higher-resolution copies, and finding altered versions.
Limitations: Searches for visual matches rather than identifying the subject of an image. A missing result does not mean the image does not exist elsewhere online. Search Features: Upload, paste, drag, or supply an image URL. Sort by Best Match, Most Changed, Biggest Image, Newest, or Oldest; filter by domain, collection, or stock-image results; compare matched images.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Openverse.org

Openverse’s normal website search is mostly keyword- and filter-based. Quotation marks provide exact-phrase searching. More specific field searches such as creator=, title=, and tags= are API parameters rather than operators typed into the normal search box.

Search Feature / Parameter	Description	Example
Keyword Search	Searches titles, descriptions, and tags. Results are ranked by relevance, with title matches weighted heavily.	puppy dog
” “	Searches an exact phrase in the same word order and bypasses normal stemming.	“puppy dog”
q=	API parameter for a general text query across title, description, and tags.	q=”climate change”
creator=	API field search limited to the creator name. Used without q=.	creator=Claude Monet
title=	API field search limited to the title. Used without q=.	title=madame
tags=	API field search limited to tag names. Used without q=.	tags=nature
Combined Field Search	Creator, title, and tag field queries can be combined when q= is not used.	creator=Claude Monet & title=madame
extension=	Filters results by file extension.	extension=jpg
category=	Filters results by Openverse media category.	Select a category in the Openverse filters.
source=	Limits results to a particular Openverse source or collection provider.	source=flickr
license=	Filters results by a specific Creative Commons or public-domain license.	license=by
license_type=	Filters by broader license permissions, such as commercial use or modification.	Use the license filters in Openverse.
aspect_ratio=	Filters images by shape or aspect ratio.	aspect_ratio=square
size=	Filters images by descriptive image size.	size=large

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Google Images
Google Lens

Operator / Filter	Description	Example
All These Words	Finds results containing all entered words.	puppy dog
” “	Searches for an exact word or phrase.	“Labrador retriever”
OR	Searches for either of two or more terms.	Labrador OR terrier
–	Excludes a word or phrase.	puppy -bulldog
site:	Limits results to a particular website or domain.	site:nasa.gov Mars
filetype:	Limits results to a particular file type.	diagram filetype:png
before: / after:	Limits results by the date Google associates with the source page.	space after:2025-01-01
Image Size	Filters by image size. Advanced Image Search also offers several minimum dimension and megapixel choices.	Large or Larger than 4 MP
Aspect Ratio	Filters by image shape.	Tall, Square, Wide, Panoramic
Color	Filters by full color, black and white, transparency, or a selected dominant color.	Red
Image Type	Filters by categories such as face, photo, clip art, line drawing, or animated image.	Photo
Time	Filters Image results by when the source page or image was published or updated.	Past week
Region	Advanced Image Search limits results to pages associated with a selected country or region.	United States
Site / Domain	Advanced Image Search restricts results to a website or domain.	example.com
File Type	Advanced Image Search filters by image format.	JPG, GIF, PNG, BMP, SVG, WEBP, ICO, RAW
Usage Rights	Filters images according to attached license information.	Creative Commons licenses
Google Lens – Image Search	Uses an uploaded, photographed, or selected image as the search instead of only text.	Upload a photograph to find related results.
Google Lens – Select Area	Searches only a selected portion of an image.	Crop the search area around an object.
Google Lens – Similar Images	Can return visually similar images and websites containing the same or a similar image.	Find other copies or visually related images.
Google Lens – Add Text	Combines an image search with additional keywords or a question to refine the result.	Upload a chair photo and add “mid-century designer”.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Bing Images

Bing Images combines keyword searching, Boolean operators, image filters, and visual search. Results can be filtered by size, color, type, layout, people, license, and date. Bing Visual Search can use an uploaded image, pasted image or URL, webcam photo, or selected image to find similar images, source pages, products, and related information.

Operator / Filter	Description	Example
” “	Searches for an exact phrase.	“climate change”
AND	Requires both terms or phrases. Bing normally treats multiple search terms as AND by default.	climate AND policy
OR	Searches for either term or phrase. OR must be uppercase.	climate OR warming
NOT or –	Excludes a term or phrase. NOT must be uppercase.	climate NOT denial or climate -denial
( )	Groups terms when combining Boolean operators.	(climate OR warming) AND policy
Image Size	Filters by image size, including predefined sizes and custom dimensions.	Large
Color	Filters by color characteristics or a selected dominant color.	Blue
Type	Filters by image type, such as photograph, clip art, or other available categories.	Photograph
Layout	Filters by image orientation or shape.	Wide
People	Filters images containing people using the available people options.	Faces
Date	Filters results by date or freshness.	Past week
License	Filters images according to the usage-rights information associated with them.	Public domain
Visual Search	Searches using an image instead of text.	Upload or paste an image.
Similar Images	Visual Search can find images that are visually similar to the supplied image.	Upload a photograph to find related images.
Pages Using Image	Visual Search can locate webpages that contain the supplied image.	Upload an image to find source or reuse pages.
Visual Search – Products	Can identify products or visually related items in an image.	Select an object in a photograph.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

TinEye

TinEye is a reverse-image search engine. You search by uploading, pasting, dragging, or supplying the URL of an image. TinEye looks for matching versions of that image, including copies that have been cropped, resized, edited, or otherwise modified. It does not use ordinary keyword search or image metadata.

Feature / Filter	Description	Example
Upload Image	Searches TinEye using an image file from your computer or device.	Upload a JPG or PNG.
Paste / Drag Image	Starts a reverse-image search by pasting an image from the clipboard or dragging it onto the TinEye page.	Drag a photograph into TinEye.
Image URL	Searches using the web address of an image.	Paste an image URL.
Best Match	Sorts results with the closest visual matches first. This is the default.	Sort by: Best Match
Most Changed	Shows the most heavily modified versions of the search image first.	Sort by: Most Changed
Biggest Image	Shows matching images with the highest resolution first.	Sort by: Biggest Image
Newest	Shows images most recently discovered by TinEye first.	Sort by: Newest
Oldest	Shows images TinEye discovered earliest first.	Sort by: Oldest
Domain Filter	Restricts results to matches found on a particular website.	example.com
Collections	Shows results from curated image collections such as Flickr, Wikipedia, or similar sources.	Show collection results.
Stock	Shows matches from stock-photography sites where images may be licensed.	Show stock results.
Compare	Switches between the search image and a result to reveal cropping, resizing, editing, or other changes.	Compare a matched image with the original.
Unavailable Results	Optionally shows indexed matches whose original webpages or image files are no longer available.	Include results not available.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Engine	Description	Strengths
YouTube	Large video platform covering user-uploaded videos, professional content, Shorts, playlists, channels, movies, and live streams.	Very large catalog; strong creator/channel search; extensive filtering.
Limitations: Search ranking is personalized and influenced by relevance, engagement, and other ranking signals. Search Features: Keyword search; filters for content type, upload date, duration, and features such as subtitles/CC. YouTube added a dedicated Shorts filter in 2026.
Bing Videos	Video search engine that finds videos from many websites and media sources.	Useful for searching across multiple video hosts rather than one platform.
Limitations: Features and filters can vary by region and query. Search Features: Keyword and category search; Bing Boolean operators such as AND, OR, NOT, -, quotes, and parentheses can refine searches. Bing also surfaces popular, recent, and related videos.
Vimeo	Video hosting and discovery platform with strong coverage of filmmaking, creative work, professional video, and independent productions.	Detailed filtering and sorting; useful for professionally produced and independent video.
Limitations: Public Vimeo-wide search is unavailable in some regions. Search Features: Filters include type, category, duration, upload date, resolution, HDR, license, collections, 360 video, live events, and price. Sort by relevance, recent upload, popularity, title, or duration.
Dailymotion	Video platform covering uploaded videos, playlists, users, live content, and hashtags.	Useful alternative source for news, entertainment, and publisher video.
Limitations: Smaller catalog and ecosystem than YouTube. Search Features: Search categories include Videos, Playlists, Users, Live, and Hashtags. Video results can be filtered by duration and upload date and sorted by views or upload date.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

YouTube
YouTube Help – Advanced Search Filters
YouTube – Google Like a Pro – All Advanced Search Operators Tutorial (Video)

YouTube’s most reliable advanced search tools are its built-in Filters. Some search-box syntax such as quotation marks, minus terms, OR, and hashtags also works, but YouTube does not maintain a comprehensive official operator list. For more exact web-style searching of YouTube pages, Google Search can be used with site:youtube.com.

Operator / Filter	Description	Example
” “	Quoted phrases can help emphasize a particular word sequence, but YouTube does not document exact-phrase syntax as a guaranteed search operator.	“climate change documentary”
–	Often used to try to exclude an unwanted term, but YouTube does not document it as a guaranteed search operator.	climate -politics
OR	Often used to search for alternative terms, but YouTube does not document a comprehensive Boolean search syntax.	climate OR warming
#hashtag	Searches for videos using a hashtag included in the title or description.	#climateaction
Upload Date	Limits results by when the content was uploaded.	Use Filters → Upload Date
Result Type	Limits results to a particular kind of YouTube content.	Use Filters → Type
Shorts	Dedicated 2026 Type filter for YouTube Shorts.	Filters → Type → Shorts
Duration	Limits video results by length.	Use Filters → Duration
Subtitles / CC	Limits results to videos with captions available.	Filters → Subtitles/CC
Prioritize	YouTube renamed the former Sort By menu to Prioritize in 2026.	Use Filters → Prioritize
Popularity	2026 replacement for the former View Count sorting option. Popularity considers views along with other relevance signals such as watch time.	Prioritize → Popularity
@handle	Can be used to locate a YouTube channel by its handle.	@youtubecreators
Google site:	Use Google Search instead of YouTube search to restrict web results to YouTube.	climate documentary site:youtube.com
Google before: / after:	Use Google Search to restrict YouTube pages to documents Google dates before or after specified dates.	climate after:2025-01-01 site:youtube.com
Google exact phrase + site:	Combines Google’s quoted-phrase search with a YouTube site restriction.	“climate change” site:youtube.com

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Bing Videos

Bing Video searches video content from multiple websites, including YouTube, Vimeo, and other sources. Searches can use Bing’s standard Boolean operators and advanced search keywords. Video-specific filters include duration, resolution, source, date, and license.

Operator / Filter	Description	Example
” “	Searches for an exact phrase.	“climate summit”
AND or &	Requires both terms or phrases. Bing treats ordinary multiple terms as AND by default.	climate AND policy
OR or \|	Searches for either term or phrase. OR must be uppercase.	climate OR environment
NOT or –	Excludes a term or phrase. NOT must be uppercase.	climate NOT politics or climate -politics
( )	Groups terms when combining Boolean operators.	(climate OR environment) AND policy
site:	General Bing search keyword that limits results to a particular website or domain.	climate site:youtube.com
inbody:	General Bing search keyword requiring a term in the body text of the indexed webpage.	inbody:climate
filetype:	General Bing search keyword restricting results to webpages of a specified file type. It is not a Bing Video format filter.	climate filetype:pdf
Duration	Filters video results by length.	Short, Medium, or Long
Resolution	Filters videos by picture quality or resolution.	HD or 4K
Source	Limits results to a particular video provider or website.	Vimeo
Date	Limits video results to a selected time period.	Past week
License	Filters videos according to available usage-rights information.	Labeled for reuse

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Vimeo

Vimeo search is primarily filter-based rather than operator-based. Public Vimeo results can be filtered by type, category, duration, upload date, resolution, HDR, license, collections, 360 video, live events, and price. Results can also be sorted by relevance, upload date, popularity, title, or duration. Public Vimeo-wide search is unavailable in some regions.

Filter / Feature	Description	Example
Type	Limits results by type of Vimeo content.	Videos, Channels, Groups, or Users
Category	Limits results to a Vimeo content category.	Documentary
Duration	Filters videos by length.	Select a duration range.
Date Uploaded	Limits results according to when the video was uploaded.	Recently uploaded
Resolution	Filters by video resolution.	HD or 4K
HDR	Limits results according to HDR availability.	HDR videos
License	Filters videos by license, including Creative Commons options.	Creative Commons Attribution
Vimeo Collections	Filters results by Vimeo collections.	Select a collection.
Vimeo 360	Limits results to 360-degree videos.	360 video
Live Events	Limits results to live-event content.	Live events
Price	Filters results according to available pricing options.	Select a price filter.
Mature Content	Controls whether mature-rated material is included in results.	Adjust Mature content setting.
Sort By	Orders results by relevance, upload date, popularity, title, or duration.	Most Popular or Recently Uploaded

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Dailymotion

Dailymotion search is primarily keyword- and filter-based. Search results can be narrowed to Videos, Playlists, Users, Live, or Hashtags. Video results can then be filtered by duration and upload date and sorted by views or upload date. Dailymotion does not document a general advanced operator syntax for its public search.

Filter / Feature	Description	Example
Keyword Search	Searches Dailymotion using ordinary keywords.	climate documentary
Top Results	Default search view combining several types of Dailymotion content in one ranked feed.	Top Results
Videos	Limits results to videos.	Videos
Playlists	Limits results to playlists.	Playlists
Users	Limits results to Dailymotion users or creators.	Users
Live	Limits results to live content.	Live
Hashtags	Limits results to hashtag feeds and content associated with a hashtag.	#news
Duration	Filters video results by a selected duration range.	Select a duration range.
Upload Date	Filters videos according to when they were uploaded.	Select an upload period.
Sort By	Sorts video results by views or upload date.	Sort by: Views

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

IMDb Help Center – Advanced Search Help
IMDb – Advanced Search

IMDb Advanced Search is primarily form- and filter-based rather than operator-based. It provides separate searches for titles, people, collaborations, and page topics. Selected filters are encoded in the resulting URL. IMDb also documents an exclusion method using ! before a URL parameter value.

Filter / Feature	Description	Example
Title Name	Searches for a movie, series, episode, game, podcast, or other title by name.	The Godfather
Title Type	Limits results by production type.	Movie, TV Series, Short, TV Episode, Video Game, Podcast Series
Release Date	Limits results by a starting and ending date or year.	1970 to 1979
IMDb Rating	Limits results to an IMDb user-rating range.	8.0 to 10.0
Number of Votes	Limits results according to how many IMDb ratings a title has received.	10,000 to 500,000 votes
Genre	Includes titles belonging to selected genres. Multiple genres can be combined.	Crime + Drama
Exclude Genre	Removes selected genres from the results.	Exclude Documentary
Awards & Recognition	Filters by awards, nominations, or IMDb ranking lists.	Oscar-Winning or IMDb Top 250 Movies
Page Topics	Requires selected types of information to appear on the IMDb title page.	Plot, Quotes, Soundtracks, Trivia, Locations
Search Within Topic	Searches for text within a selected page-topic field.	Plot contains: space
Companies	Limits results to titles associated with selected production or distribution companies.	Warner Bros.
Instant Watch Options	Limits results according to supported streaming, rental, or purchase availability.	Prime Video
Collaboration Search	Finds titles shared by two people, or people who worked on two specified titles.	Tom Hanks + Meg Ryan
! exclusion in URL	IMDb officially supports placing ! before a URL parameter value to exclude that value from Advanced Search results.	languages=!en

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Wikipedia – Searching
Wikipedia – Searching/Features
Wikipedia – Advanced Source Searching
Wikipedia – Search/Advanced Search

Wikipedia uses CirrusSearch for full-text and advanced searching. Ordinary words separated by spaces are all required by default. CirrusSearch also supports exact phrases, exclusions, wildcards, fuzzy and proximity searching, and specialized prefixes for titles, categories, page source, templates, links, namespaces, and related pages. AND and OR should be used carefully because CirrusSearch does not implement conventional Boolean precedence.

Operator / Prefix	Description	Example
Space	Requires all entered terms. This is the normal and safest equivalent of AND.	cats dogs
AND	Explicitly requires terms on both sides. Usually unnecessary because spaces already require all terms. Avoid mixing AND and OR in complex queries.	cats AND dogs
OR	Matches either term when OR is the only logical operator being used.	cats OR dogs
NOT, – or !	Excludes a term. All three forms are supported.	cats -dogs
” “	Searches an exact phrase and disables normal stemming for that phrase.	“domestic cat”
*	Wildcard matching zero or more characters within or at the end of a word. It cannot be the first character.	cat*
\?	Wildcard matching exactly one letter or number. The question mark must be escaped with a backslash.	c\?t
~	Fuzzy search for approximate word matches.	colour~1
“phrase”~N	Proximity search. Allows the words in a quoted phrase to occur within a specified distance.	“climate policy”~5
intitle:	Requires a word or phrase in the page title.	intitle:”domestic cat”
insource:	Searches the page’s underlying wikitext rather than only rendered text.	insource:”Felis catus”
insource:/regex/	Advanced regular-expression search of page source. Regex searches can be slow and should usually be combined with another search term.	cat insource:/Felis.*catus/
incategory:	Limits results to pages directly contained in a category.	incategory:Mammals
deepcat:	Searches a category and its subcategories.	deepcat:Mammals
prefix:	Limits results to page titles beginning with specified characters or words.	prefix:Cat
Namespace prefix	Limits searching to a Wikipedia namespace such as Help, User, Talk, Category, or File.	Help:search
linksto:	Finds pages containing an internal wiki link to a specified page.	linksto:”Domestic cat”
hastemplate:	Finds pages that use a specified template.	hastemplate:”Infobox person”
morelike:	Finds pages whose text is similar to one or more specified pages. It cannot normally be combined with other search clauses.	morelike:Cat\|Dog
morelikethis:	Finds similar pages while allowing additional search filters to be added.	morelikethis:Cat incategory:Mammals
creationdate:	Filters pages by the date they were created. Comparison operators can be used.	creationdate:>2024
lasteditdate:	Filters pages according to their most recent edit date.	lasteditdate:>=2025
boost-templates:	Advanced ranking control that increases or decreases the relevance score of pages containing specified templates.	boost-templates:”Template:Infobox\|200%” cats

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Grokipedia

Grokipedia search is currently much simpler than Wikipedia’s CirrusSearch. The public search is primarily query-based and does not have a documented advanced operator language. Enter a topic, name, or phrase to locate relevant Grokipedia articles. For more precise searching, an external search engine can be used with site:grokipedia.com. Third-party tools accessing Grokipedia’s search data also expose options such as result limits, pagination, relevance sorting, and view-count sorting, but these are not normal search-box operators.

Search Feature	Description	Example
Keyword Search	Searches Grokipedia articles using ordinary words or a topic name.	artificial intelligence
Article Name	Searching a specific subject or proper name can locate the corresponding Grokipedia article when one exists.	Albert Einstein
Multiple Terms	Additional descriptive words can make a general search more specific. No first-party Boolean syntax is currently documented.	Roman Empire military
Search Results	Search results can include article titles and text snippets related to the query.	machine learning
Direct Article URL	Grokipedia article pages use a page-based URL structure.	/page/Artificial_intelligence
External site:	Use a web search engine to restrict results to pages indexed from Grokipedia. This is an external search-engine operator, not a Grokipedia operator.	“artificial intelligence” site:grokipedia.com
Advanced Operators	No first-party documentation was found for general AND, OR, NOT, wildcard, fuzzy-search, or field-prefix syntax in the normal Grokipedia search box.	Use ordinary search terms instead.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Source – Grok

Advanced search page at x.com/search-advanced – builds queries

Most useful operators (web/app search)

People

from:username — posts by that account
to:username — replies to that account
@username — posts that mention the account
list:123456 — posts from members of a public List

Text

"exact phrase" — exact match
word1 OR word2 — either term (OR must be uppercase)
-word — exclude a word
#hashtag and $TICKER (cashtag)
lang:en — language filter

Dates

since:2026-01-01
until:2026-09-30
You can combine them for a range.

Engagement

min_faves:100 — at least 100 likes
min_retweets:50
min_replies:20

Content type

filter:media / filter:images / filter:videos
filter:links
filter:replies or -filter:replies (include or exclude replies)
filter:verified (or similar verified filters)

Example queries

from:elonmusk grok min_faves:500 since:2026-01-01
"product market fit" min_faves:200 -filter:replies lang:en
to:nasa launch filter:replies

Spaces act as AND. Parentheses work for grouping: (startup OR founder) "looking for".

Notes

These work in the regular search bar (desktop and mobile) as well as the Advanced search form.
Location operators (near:, geocode:, etc.) used to work better; geotagging is much less common now, so they are often unreliable.
The X API has a similar but not identical set of operators (e.g. min_likes: instead of min_faves:).
X Pro (formerly TweetDeck) also supports these operators in search columns.

Reddit
Reddit Search Features

Reddit search supports Boolean operators, grouping, and field-specific filters for posts. Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT are case-sensitive. Manual filters such as author:, subreddit:, title:, and selftext: can be combined in the same query. Do not put a space after the colon. Multi-word field values should be placed in quotation marks. Reddit also provides separate search categories for Posts, Communities, Comments, Media, and People.

Operator / Prefix	Description	Example
AND	Requires all connected terms to appear. Must be uppercase.	cats AND dogs
OR	Requires at least one of the connected terms to appear. Must be uppercase.	cats OR dogs
NOT	Excludes the following term. Must be uppercase.	cats NOT dogs
( )	Groups terms and controls how Boolean expressions are evaluated.	hedgehog NOT (sonic OR shadow)
” “	Use quotation marks around multi-word field values to keep the words together.	title:”kitten gif”
author:	Limits results to posts submitted by a specific Reddit user.	author:reddit
subreddit:	Limits results to a specific subreddit.	subreddit:cats
title:	Searches within post titles.	title:adoption
selftext:	Searches within the body text of posts.	selftext:adoption
flair:	Searches the post’s link-flair text.	flair:discussion
site:	Limits link posts to a particular domain.	site:youtube.com
url:	Searches text within the submitted URL.	url:youtube
self:true	Limits results to text posts.	self:true
self:false	Excludes text posts.	self:false
Combined Fields	Multiple field filters and ordinary search terms can be used in the same query.	cats subreddit:pics site:imgur.com
Community Search	Searching while inside a subreddit limits results to that community unless you choose to search all of Reddit.	Search while viewing r/cats
Comment Search	Reddit can search comments globally and within individual posts.	Select Comments or use the search box within a post.
Media Search	Limits results to media content such as images, video, and GIFs.	Select Media
Safe Search	Controls whether NSFW results may appear. This is a search setting rather than a typed operator.	Turn Safe Search on or off.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Property names shown here assume an English Windows interface. Windows localizes user-facing AQS property keywords.

Windows – Advanced Query Syntax

Windows uses Advanced Query Syntax (AQS) in File Explorer for more precise searches. These operators work in the File Explorer search box and support Boolean logic, comparisons, and property-specific prefixes. Most AQS syntax is case-insensitive, but Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT must be uppercase.

Operator/Property	Description	Example
” “	Matches an exact phrase.	“quarterly report”
Space	Implicit AND; requires both terms.	report sales
AND	Explicit AND; requires both expressions. Must be uppercase.	report AND sales
OR	Matches either expression. Must be uppercase.	report OR invoice
NOT	Excludes the following expression. Must be uppercase.	report NOT draft
( )	Groups expressions and controls logical precedence.	(report OR invoice) AND sales
=	Requires an exact property value.	ext:=.pdf
<> or –	Means not equal when used with a property.	kind:<>picture or kind:-picture
>, >=	Greater than or greater than or equal to.	size:>1GB or size:>=500MB
<, <=	Less than or less than or equal to.	size:<500KB or size:<=1MB
..	Inclusive range for dates, sizes, and other ordered values.	size:1MB..10MB
kind:	Filters by broad file category.	kind:docs, kind:music, kind:pics, kind:videos, kind:folders
ext: or fileext:	Filters by file extension.	ext:.pdf or fileext:.jpg
filename: or file:	Searches the file name specifically.	filename:”annual report”
folder:, under:, or path:	Restricts results by folder or path.	folder:Downloads
foldername: or in:	Limits the search to a named folder or location.	in:Documents
size:	Filters by file size. Current Windows ranges are Tiny: 0–16 KB; Small: 16 KB–1 MB; Medium: 1–128 MB; Large: 128 MB–1 GB; Huge: 1–4 GB; Gigantic: over 4 GB. Numeric comparisons can also be used.	size:huge or size:>5GB
date:	Filters using Windows’ general item-date property. Relative dates such as today, yesterday, and last week are supported.	date:today
datemodified: or modified:	Filters by modification date.	modified:last week
datecreated:	Filters by file creation date.	datecreated:yesterday
dateaccessed:	Filters by the last-accessed date.	dateaccessed:today
author: or by:	Filters by author metadata.	author:”John Doe”
title:, subject:, or about:	Filters by title or subject metadata.	title:”Annual Report”
keywords:	Filters by keyword/tag metadata.	keywords:”project alpha”
contents:	Searches indexed file contents rather than only names and other properties. Results depend on file type and indexing support.	contents:budget
album:	Filters music files by album metadata.	album:”Thriller”
artist:	Filters music files by artist metadata.	artist:”Michael Jackson”
genre:	Filters music files by genre.	genre:rock
track:	Filters music files by track number.	track:1
year:	Filters music files by year metadata.	year:1982
bitrate:	Filters music files by audio bitrate.	bitrate:192
duration:	Filters audio or video by duration. Windows provides Very Short (under 1 min), Short (1–5 min), Medium (5–30 min), Long (30–60 min), and Very Long (over 60 min).	duration:medium
cameramake:	Filters photos by camera manufacturer metadata.	cameramake:Canon
cameramodel:	Filters photos by camera model metadata.	cameramodel:”Canon EOS”
dimensions:	Filters images by stored width × height dimensions.	dimensions:1920×1080
width:	Filters images by width in pixels.	width:>1920
height:	Filters images by height in pixels.	height:>1080
orientation:	Filters pictures by orientation.	orientation:landscape
datetaken:	Filters photos by the date stored in their photo metadata.	datetaken:yesterday
System.Image.BitDepth:	Advanced property for image bit depth.

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

PowerShell searches files and folders directly rather than using the Windows Search index. Get-ChildItem finds files and folders, Where-Object filters results by properties such as size or date, and Select-String searches text inside files. Commands can be combined with the pipeline (|) to build more specific searches. Select-String uses regular expressions by default.

Command/Operator	Description	Example
Get-ChildItem	Lists files and folders in the current location.	Get-ChildItem
-Path	Specifies the folder or drive to search.	Get-ChildItem -Path “C:\Files”
-File	Returns files only, excluding folders.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -File
-Directory	Returns folders only.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Directory
-Recurse	Searches the specified folder and all of its subfolders.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Recurse -File
-Depth	Limits how many levels of subfolders are searched.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Recurse -Depth 2
-Filter	Filters names while searching. Usually the most efficient way to search for one filename or extension pattern.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Recurse -File -Filter “*.pdf”
*	Wildcard matching zero or more characters.	Get-ChildItem -Filter “report”
?	Wildcard matching a single character.	Get-ChildItem -Filter “report?.pdf”
-Include	Includes one or more filename or extension patterns.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Recurse -File -Include .pdf,.docx
-Exclude	Excludes matching files or folders from the results.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Recurse -File -Exclude .tmp,.bak
-Force	Includes hidden and system items that normally are not displayed.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Force
Where-Object	Filters results by file properties such as size, date, or name.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -File \| Where-Object { $_.Length -gt 100MB }
$_	Represents the current file or folder being evaluated inside a pipeline filter.	Where-Object { $_.Length -gt 100MB }
.Name	The file or folder name property.	Where-Object { $_.Name -like “report” }
.Extension	The file extension property.	Where-Object { $_.Extension -eq “.pdf” }
.Length	The file size in bytes. PowerShell also understands KB, MB, GB, and TB suffixes.	Where-Object { $_.Length -gt 500MB }
.LastWriteTime	The date and time the file was last modified.	Where-Object { $_.LastWriteTime -gt (Get-Date).AddDays(-7) }
.CreationTime	The file creation date and time.	Where-Object { $_.CreationTime -gt (Get-Date).AddDays(-30) }
-eq	Equal to.	Where-Object { $_.Extension -eq “.pdf” }
-ne	Not equal to.	Where-Object { $_.Extension -ne “.tmp” }
-gt	Greater than.	Where-Object { $_.Length -gt 100MB }
-ge	Greater than or equal to.	Where-Object { $_.Length -ge 1GB }
-lt	Less than.	Where-Object { $_.Length -lt 1MB }
-le	Less than or equal to.	Where-Object { $_.Length -le 500KB }
-and	Requires both conditions to be true.	Where-Object { $_.Length -ge 1MB -and $_.Length -le 10MB }
-or	Requires either condition to be true.	Where-Object { $_.Extension -eq “.jpg” -or $_.Extension -eq “.png” }
-not	Reverses a condition.	Where-Object { -not $_.PSIsContainer }
-like	Matches text using wildcards such as * and ?.	Where-Object { $_.Name -like “invoice” }
-notlike	Excludes text matching a wildcard pattern.	Where-Object { $_.Name -notlike “draft” }
-match	Matches text using a regular expression.	Where-Object { $_.Name -match “^report\d+\.pdf$” }
Select-String	Searches text inside supported text files. Patterns are regular expressions by default.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -Recurse -File -Include .txt,.log \| Select-String -Pattern “budget”
-SimpleMatch	Makes Select-String search for literal text instead of treating the search term as a regular expression.	Select-String -Path “C:\Files\*.txt” -Pattern “total = $500” -SimpleMatch
-CaseSensitive	Makes a Select-String text search case-sensitive.	Select-String -Path “C:\Files\*.txt” -Pattern “Budget” -CaseSensitive
Sort-Object	Sorts the search results by a property.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -File \| Sort-Object LastWriteTime -Descending
Select-Object -First	Limits the results to the first specified number of items.	Get-ChildItem “C:\Files” -File \| Sort-Object Length -Descending \| Select-Object -First 10

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Mac User Guide – Narrow your search results in Finder on Mac

macOS Spotlight supports Boolean operators, kind filters, and date/metadata prefixes. Searches are case-insensitive for terms but require uppercase for Boolean (AND/OR/NOT). Wildcards work in some contexts (e.g., via Terminal’s mdfind for raw queries). Use Command+Space for Spotlight; add filters like kind: or date:.

Operator/Property	Description	Example
” “	Matches an exact phrase.	“quarterly report”
Space	Searches for all entered words. Without quotation marks, the words can appear in any order.	quarterly report
AND	Requires both expressions.	report AND sales
OR	Matches either expression.	report OR invoice
NOT	Excludes the following expression.	report NOT draft
–	Excludes the following word; equivalent to AND NOT.	report -draft
kind:	Filters by item type. Common values include application, folder, image, movie, music, audio, PDF, email, contact, event, reminder, bookmark, font and presentation.	kind:pdf or kind:image
name:	Searches by file or item name.	name:report
author:	Searches author metadata.	author:”John Doe”
by:	Searches creator or artist metadata where supported.	kind:music by:”Glenn Miller”
from:	Searches sender metadata in supported items such as email.	from:john@example.com
to:	Searches recipient metadata in supported items such as email.	to:jane@example.com
tag:	Filters by Finder tag.	tag:red
title:	Searches title metadata.	title:”Annual Report”
keyword:	Searches keyword metadata.	keyword:budget
contains:	Searches indexed contents for the specified text.	contains:budget
date:	Filters using an item’s date metadata.	date:today
Date range	Searches between two dates using a hyphen.	date:1/1/2026-1/31/2026
created:	Filters by creation date.	created:yesterday
modified:	Filters by modification date.	modified:”this week”
>, >=, <, <=	Compares supported metadata values such as dates.	modified:<=9/1/2026

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Finder and Spotlight support Boolean operators, file-kind filters, metadata keywords, and date searches. Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT are uppercase. Keywords such as kind:, name:, author:, tag:, title:, and contains: can narrow results. Finder also supports date comparisons and date ranges.

Operator/Property	Description	Example
” “	Matches an exact phrase.	“quarterly report”
Space	Searches for all entered words. Without quotation marks, the words can appear in any order.	quarterly report
AND	Requires both expressions.	report AND sales
OR	Matches either expression.	report OR invoice
NOT	Excludes the following expression.	report NOT draft
–	Excludes the following word; equivalent to AND NOT.	report -draft
kind:	Filters by item type. Common values include application, folder, image, movie, music, audio, PDF, email, contact, event, reminder, bookmark, font and presentation.	kind:pdf or kind:image
name:	Searches by file or item name.	name:report
author:	Searches author metadata.	author:”John Doe”
by:	Searches creator or artist metadata where supported.	kind:music by:”Glenn Miller”
from:	Searches sender metadata in supported items such as email.	from:john@example.com
to:	Searches recipient metadata in supported items such as email.	to:jane@example.com
tag:	Filters by Finder tag.	tag:red
title:	Searches title metadata.	title:”Annual Report”
keyword:	Searches keyword metadata.	keyword:budget
contains:	Searches indexed contents for the specified text.	contains:budget
date:	Filters using an item’s date metadata.	date:today
Date range	Searches between two dates using a hyphen.	date:1/1/2026-1/31/2026
created:	Filters by creation date.	created:yesterday
modified:	Filters by modification date.	modified:”this week”
>, >=, <, <=	Compares supported metadata values such as dates.	modified:<=9/1/2026
Command/Operator	Description	Example
mdfind	Searches the Mac’s Spotlight metadata index from Terminal.	mdfind ‘budget’
-name	Searches file names only.	mdfind -name report
-onlyin	Limits the search to a particular folder.	mdfind -onlyin “$HOME/Documents” ‘budget’
-count	Returns the number of matches instead of listing them.	mdfind -count -interpret ‘kind:pdf’
-interpret	Interprets a query like text entered into Spotlight. Useful for familiar searches such as kind:pdf.	mdfind -interpret ‘kind:pdf report’
-live	Keeps the search running and updates results as matching files change.	mdfind -live ‘budget’
mdls	Displays Spotlight metadata for a specific file. Useful for seeing which kMDItem properties a file contains.	mdls “/path/to/file.pdf”
==	Equal to.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSName == “Report.pdf”‘
!=	Not equal to.	mdfind ‘kMDItemContentType != “public.folder”‘
>, >=	Greater than or greater than or equal to.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSSize >= 1048576’
<, <=	Less than or less than or equal to.	mdfind ‘kMDItemPixelWidth <= 1920’
*	Wildcard matching multiple characters inside a string comparison.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSName ==[c] “report*”‘
?	Wildcard matching one character inside a string comparison.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSName ==[c] “rep?rt.pdf”‘
[c]	Makes a string comparison case-insensitive.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSName ==[c] “report.pdf”‘
[d]	Makes a string comparison ignore diacritical marks.	mdfind ‘kMDItemAuthors ==[d] “Frederic”‘
[cd]	Makes a comparison ignore both case and diacritical marks.	mdfind ‘kMDItemAuthors ==[cd] “Frederic”‘
&&	AND; both conditions must match.	mdfind ‘kMDItemPixelWidth > 1920 && kMDItemPixelHeight > 1080’
\|\|	OR; either condition can match.	mdfind ‘kMDItemContentType == “public.audio” \|\| kMDItemContentType == “public.video”‘
( )	Groups conditions in complex queries.	mdfind ‘(kMDItemContentType == “public.audio” \|\| kMDItemContentType == “public.video”) && kMDItemDurationSeconds > 300’
$time.today	Represents today’s date in a metadata query.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSContentChangeDate >= $time.today’
$time.today(-7)	Represents the date seven days ago.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSContentChangeDate >= $time.today(-7)’
$time.this_week	Represents the current week.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSCreationDate == $time.this_week’
kMDItemFSName	File name.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSName ==[c] “report*”‘
kMDItemFSSize	File size in bytes.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSSize > 104857600’
kMDItemFSCreationDate	File creation date.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSCreationDate == $time.this_week’
kMDItemFSContentChangeDate	Date the file’s contents were last changed.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFSContentChangeDate >= $time.today(-7)’
kMDItemTextContent	Indexed text contained inside a document.	mdfind ‘kMDItemTextContent ==[c] “budget”‘
kMDItemAuthors	Author metadata.	mdfind ‘kMDItemAuthors ==[c] “John Doe”‘
kMDItemContentType	Spotlight content type, such as audio, video or PDF.	mdfind ‘kMDItemContentType == “public.audio”‘
kMDItemPixelWidth	Image or video width in pixels.	mdfind ‘kMDItemPixelWidth > 1920’
kMDItemPixelHeight	Image or video height in pixels.	mdfind ‘kMDItemPixelHeight > 1080’
kMDItemDurationSeconds	Audio or video duration in seconds.	mdfind ‘kMDItemDurationSeconds > 300’
kMDItemAudioBitRate	Audio bitrate metadata.	mdfind ‘kMDItemAudioBitRate > 128000’
kMDItemColorSpace	Image color-space metadata.	mdfind ‘kMDItemColorSpace == “RGB”‘
kMDItemFocalLength	Camera focal length in millimeters.	mdfind ‘kMDItemFocalLength == 50’
kMDItemISOSpeed	Camera ISO speed.	mdfind ‘kMDItemISOSpeed > 400’

Developed with GPT-5.6 Sol

Post Archives*

November 11, 2026

Burka Band – Burka Blue (2002) – Music Video
November 9, 2026

Not The Beatles – I’ve Just Seen a Face (1968) – Music Video
November 8, 2026

Suburban Lawns – Janitor (1980) – Music Video
November 7, 2026

Ennio Morricone – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) – Music Video
November 7, 2026

Hot Chocolate – Emma (1974) – Music Video
November 4, 2026

Search and Destroy
November 3, 2026

Petula Clark – Downtown (1964) – Music Video
November 1, 2026

Bobcat Goldthwait – YMCA (1990) – Music Video
September 2, 2026

Radio, Live Transmission – Music Video
August 16, 2026

Where the water tastes like wine
May 13, 2026

Larry Collins and Joe Maphis – Ramrod (1959) – Music Video
May 12, 2026

The Easybeats – Friday On My Mind (1967) – Music Video
May 11, 2026

Alice Cooper – Billion Dollar Babies Tour (1973) – Music Video
May 9, 2026

Marvin Gaye – What’s Going On – Live (1972) – Music Video
May 8, 2026

Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birkin – Je t’aime… moi non plus (1969) – Music Video
May 7, 2026

The Space Lady – Major Tom (2013) – Music Video
May 6, 2026

The Monks – Complication (1966) – Music Video
May 4, 2026

Aphex Twin – Come To Daddy (1997) – Music Video
May 3, 2026

Jefferson Airplane – White Rabbit (1967) – Vocals Only – Music Video
May 2, 2026

The Tielman Brothers – Rollin’ Rock (1960) – Music Video
May 2, 2026

DPRK – Peace Is On Our Bayonets! – Music Video
April 30, 2026

Led Zeppelin – Over the Hills and Far Away – (1973)- Music Video
April 29, 2026

Neil Young – Bandit (2003) – Music Video
April 28, 2026

Leonard Cohen – Everybody Knows – Live (2008) – Music Video
April 27, 2026

David Bowie – Ashes To Ashes (1980) – Music Video
December 19, 2025

Eartha Kitt – Santa Baby (1953) – Music Video
July 22, 2025

We Have the Technology – Website Info
July 17, 2025

The Beatles – Get Back (1969) – Music Video
July 14, 2025

Music Submissions – Website Info
July 11, 2025

The Beatles – When I’m Sixty-Four (1967) – Music Video
July 4, 2025

Jimi Hendrix – The Star Spangled Banner – (1969) – Music Video
January 16, 2024

Hello World! V2 – Website Info

60 videos

2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) – Clip – “I’m sorry Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that” – Director and producer: Stanley Kubrick – 2:55 — “I’m sorry Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that”
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) – Clip – The Shutdown of HAL – Director and producer: Stanley Kubrick – 4:56 — “I’m sorry Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that”
A Trip to the Moon (1902) – Silent with music added, colorized – 12:52 – Director – Georges Méliès — A Trip to the Moon (1902) – Silent Movie
Alice Cooper – Billion Dollar Babies Tour (1973) – 1:11:13 — Alice Cooper – Billion Dollar Babies Tour (1973) – Music Video
Aphex – Twin Come to Daddy (1997) – 6:06 — Aphex Twin – Come To Daddy (1997) – Music Video
Beany and Cecil – Beany’s Beany Cap Copter (1962) — Beany and Cecil – Beany’s Beany Cap Copter (1962) – Animation
Bobcat Goldthwait YMCA (4-20-90) – Save the Planet: A CBS/Hard Rock Cafe Special – 2:13 — Bobcat Goldthwait – YMCA (1990) – Music Video
Borden’s Instant Coffee – 1953 Commercial – The Kate Smith Hour– 1:52 — Borden’s Instant Coffee (1953) – Video
Burka Band – Burka Blue (2002) — Burka Band – Burka Blue (2002) – Music Video
Canned Heat Going up the Country (August 16, 1969) – Woodstock Festival Grounds – 3:14 — Where the water tastes like wine
Davey And Goliath | Episode 1 | Lost in a Cave | Hal Smith | Dick Beals | Norma MacMillan — Davey and Goliath – Lost in a Cave (1960) – Animation
David Bowie Ashes To Ashes (1980) – 3:37 — David Bowie – Ashes To Ashes (1980) – Music Video
DPRK – Peace Is On Our Bayonets – Composer uncredited (English Subtitles) – 4:01 — DPRK – Peace Is On Our Bayonets! – Music Video
Eartha Kitt – Santa Baby (1953) – 3:29 — Eartha Kitt – Santa Baby (1953) – Music Video
Ennio Morricone – The Good the Bad and the Ugly (1966) title sequence — Ennio Morricone – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) – Music Video
Hot Chocolate – Emma (1974) — Hot Chocolate – Emma (1974) – Music Video
Jefferson Airplane – White Rabbit (1967) – Vocals Only – WWE SmackDown: Commercial Break (2022) – 2:08 — Jefferson Airplane – White Rabbit (1967) – Vocals Only – Music Video
Jimi Hendrix – The Star Spangled Banner – Woodstock (August 18, 1969) — Jimi Hendrix – The Star Spangled Banner – (1969) – Music Video
Joy Division Transmission – BBC2 – Something Else (September 15, 1979) – 3:12 — Radio, Live Transmission – Music Video
Larry Collins and Joe Maphis Ramrod (1959) – Live on Town Hall Party — Larry Collins and Joe Maphis – Ramrod (1959) – Music Video
Led Zeppelin – Over the Hills and Far Away (Live at Madison Square Garden 1973) – 6:13 — Led Zeppelin – Over the Hills and Far Away – (1973)- Music Video
Leonard Cohen – Everybody Knows (Official Live in London 2008) – 5:36 — Leonard Cohen – Everybody Knows – Live (2008) – Music Video
Leroy Anderson – The Typewriter (Composed 1950 – 1st performance 1953) — Web Design for Accessibility
Marvin Gaye – What’s Going On – Live (1972) — Marvin Gaye – What’s Going On – Live (1972) – Music Video
Metropolis (1927) – Dance Scene – Silent with music added, colorized – 4:41 – Directed by Fritz Lang — Metropolis (1927) – Silent Movie
Metropolis (1927) – Full Movie – Silent with music added, colorized – 2:25:00 – Directed by Fritz Lang — Metropolis (1927) – Silent Movie
Neil Young Bandit (2003) – Set to footage from Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) – 5:36 — Neil Young – Bandit (2003) – Music Video
Not The Beatles – I’ve Just Seen a Face (1968) – 1:27 — Not The Beatles – I’ve Just Seen a Face (1968) – Music Video
Pere Ubu – We Have The Technology (1988) — We Have the Technology – Website Info
Petula Clark – Downtown (1964) – 3:02 — Petula Clark – Downtown (1964) – Music Video
Red Stuart Sword Swallowing Secrets—A Sideshow Master Tells All (1999) – 8:51 — Sword Swallowing
Romanian Revolution – (1989) – Fighting for Bucharest TV Tower/Complex December 23, 1989 – 23:18 — Romanian Revolution – December, 1989 – History
Romanian Revolution – (1989) – NBC News – Breakdown – The last speech December 21, 1989 – 2:21 — Romanian Revolution – December, 1989 – History
Romanian Revolution – (1989) – Nicolae Ceaușescu’s last speech December 21, 1989 – 7:30 — Romanian Revolution – December, 1989 – History
Romanian Revolution – (1989) – The Ceaușescus Trial and Execution December 25, 1989 – 1:16:37 — Romanian Revolution – December, 1989 – History
Romanian Revolution (1989-90) – ITN News Footage – Full Compilation – 2:42:53 — Romanian Revolution – December, 1989 – History
Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birkin – Je t’aime… moi non plus (1969) – 4:21 — Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birkin – Je t’aime… moi non plus (1969) – Music Video
Soviet Coup 1991: Day One – ABC News – August 19 — Soviet Coup Attempt – August, 1991 – History
Soviet Coup 1991: Day Three – ABC News (full broadcast) – August 21 — Soviet Coup Attempt – August, 1991 – History
Soviet Coup 1991: Day Two – ABC News (full broadcast) – August 20 — Soviet Coup Attempt – August, 1991 – History
Soviet Coup 1991: Raw Video — Soviet Coup Attempt – August, 1991 – History
Soviet Coup 1991: The Week That Shook The World: The Soviet Coup – ABC News (1991) — Soviet Coup Attempt – August, 1991 – History
Suburban Lawns – Janitor (1980) — Suburban Lawns – Janitor (1980) – Music Video
Talking Heads – The Big Country – Berkeley (1978) – 6:15 — Where the water tastes like wine
That’s a 10 – Video — That’s a 10 – Video
The Beatles – Get Back (January 30, 1969) — The Beatles – Get Back (1969) – Music Video
The Beatles – When I’m 64 (1966) — The Beatles – When I’m Sixty-Four (1967) – Music Video
The Easybeats – Friday On My Mind (1967) – French TV — The Easybeats – Friday On My Mind (1967) – Music Video
The Monks – Complication – Live (1966) – 2:30 — The Monks – Complication (1966) – Music Video
The Space Lady – Major Tom – Live (2013) – 5:39 — The Space Lady – Major Tom (2013) – Music Video
The Stooges – Search and Destroy (1973) – Video from Apocalypse Now (1979) – 3:34 — Search and Destroy
The Tielman Brothers – Rollin’ Rock – Live TV show (1960) – 5:59 — The Tielman Brothers – Rollin’ Rock (1960) – Music Video
Tiananmen Square – 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre – 25:51 CBS News — Tiananmen Square – April / May, 1989 – History
Tiananmen square – Man vs. tank (1989) — Tiananmen Square – April / May, 1989 – History
Tiananmen Square – Students on hunger strike – 8:55 — Tiananmen Square – April / May, 1989 – History
Tiananmen Square – The Tank Man (full documentary) – Frontline – 1:25:55 — Tiananmen Square – April / May, 1989 – History
Tiananmen Square – Tiananmen Square – 30 years later – 15:51 — Tiananmen Square – April / May, 1989 – History
Vince Collins 200 – (1976) – 3:22 — “A republic, if you can keep it.” – July 4, 2026
Ween – Happy Colored Marbles (2003) — Hello World! V2 – Website Info
ZZ Top – Heard it on the X – Gruene Hall (2019) — Music Submissions – Website Info

*Link Dump vs. Post Archives
Searching for “Get Back” in the Link Dump takes you to the YouTube video.
Searching for “Get Back” in the Post Archives takes you to the NTR website post that has the video on it.

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